In this article, we will explore the steps required to move to Portugal from the USA, integrate smoothly, and enjoy your new life with minimal hassle.

Moving to Portugal from the USA: Why the Golden Visa Is a Top Choice

Citizens considering moving to Portugal from the USA can obtain the Portugal Golden Visa, also known as Portugal’s Investor Residence Authorization (ARI), which is one of the most popular visa options for US citizens. It offers them a five-year residence permit with the ability to live, work, and study in Portugal, in exchange for a contribution to the country’s economy.

Applicants can include their family members, such as a spouse, children, and parents, in one application. It gives them visa-free access to the Schengen area and the right to obtain citizenship after 10 years of legal residency in Portugal.

Investment options start with a minimum threshold of €250,000, which is considered one of the most affordable thresholds in Europe. Other investment options include:

• Investing at least €500,000 or more in venture capital funds that meet the requirements. This route is considered a top choice for investors looking to obtain the Portugal Golden Visa, as it offers them diversified options to invest in promising sectors with good returns. The Funds offer a flexible and hands-off approach, as they are managed by financial experts who strategically invest your assets across sectors like technology, healthcare, and infrastructure.

• Creation of ten or more jobs or Capital transfer for research activities carried out by public or private scientific research institutes that totals at least €500,000

• Capital contributions of at least €250,000 to promote the creation of art, and the preservation or restoration of the nation’s cultural heritage.

• Capital transfers of at least €500,000 for the establishment of a commercial enterprise situated inside the nation and the creation of five full-time jobs.

Moving to Portugal from the USA: Key Requirements

Moving to Portugal from the USA requires completing a visa application form, along with several documents such as valid passports and photos, proof of a clean criminal record, proof of accommodation, proof of sufficient financial resources, a health insurance policy, and a Portuguese NIF number.  Investors should also:

• Hold the Investment for Five Years: American investors are required to maintain the investment as long as they and their dependents hold the Golden Visa, however, they no longer need to maintain the investment once becoming permanent residents or citizens.

• Get a Bank Account and NIF Number: The Golden Visa Program mandates that the funds used for investment must be transferred from abroad. Therefore, the main applicant must first obtain an NIF number and open a bank account, which are both quite simple processes. Investors can have an NIF number in a few days, while opening a bank account may require a couple of weeks.

Moving to Portugal from the USA: How to Get an NIF Number

Americans moving to Portugal can resort to their authorized agent or lawyer to apply for a Portuguese NIF, or can apply for it online by:

• Filling out the application form
• Setting up a tax representative in Portugal, who must declare that he accepts to represent you and be registered in Portugal’s tax system.
• Attend the appointment if you are in Portugal, or have your tax representative submit your documents on your behalf.
• Present the documents and the filled-out application if you are attending the appointment in person, along with proof of identification and proof of tax address, such as a utility bill.

Once you provide this information, the Portuguese tax authority will process the request and issue an NIF number within days.

Read also: How to get a NIF number for Portugal Golden Visa?

Moving to Portugal from the USA: How to Open a Bank Account

Portuguese banks usually facilitate the process of opening a bank account for foreigners. Americans should prepare the documents below:

• Passport or government-issued travel document
• NIF number
• Portuguese phone number
• Proof of address from the country of residence
• Proof of income/pay slip

Applicants can ask their lawyers to open the bank account on their behalf, eliminating the need for an in-person visit to the bank.

Read Also: How to Open a Bank Account For Portugal Golden Visa

Moving to Portugal from the USA: Health Insurance Policy

One of the most important requirements for Americans moving to Portugal from the USA is having a comprehensive health insurance policy. Applicants can enroll either in the country’s public healthcare, known as the Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS), or private healthcare systems once registered as a resident. Portugal was ranked 23rd in the 2024 Health Care Index, well ahead of the US, which was ranked 40th. The country has a hybrid healthcare system that combines high-quality public and private services that are also low-cost compared to the US.

Private health insurance costs range from €40 to €150 a month, depending on age. Health insurance requirements in Portugal include:

• Coverage of at least €30,000 for emergencies, hospitalization, and repatriation
• Validity across Portugal and the Schengen area
• Coverage for the entire duration of the residence permit

It is preferable that US citizens get international health insurance, as it covers customizable, comprehensive, and portable high-quality care across Portugal and worldwide. It gives access to the best facilities, with shorter wait times. Some of the benefits include:

• Worldwide coverage
• Inpatient and day patient care
• Cancer and mental health care
• Emergency and ER care
• Palliative care
• Emergency Dental Care
• Home nursing
• Laboratory work and testing
• Prescription medications
• Rehabilitation

Secure Your House Before Moving to Portugal from the USA

Although real estate ownership is not an eligible investment route for obtaining a Portugal Golden Visa, US Citizens can purchase or rent a property in Portugal as long as they have a residency permit and an NIF number. Rental prices in Portugal are 38% lower than in the US.

In Portugal^,  Lisbon is the most expensive area. An independent flat that includes one bedroom in the capital region has a median price of €1,354 per month. It is followed by the island of Madeira at €1,295, Faro at €1,171, Porto at €983, Setúbal at €981, and São Miguel Island in the Azores at €979 per month. On the other hand, the cheapest one-bedroom flats are found in the districts of Guarda at €456 per month, Castelo Branco at €527 per month, and Bragança at €529 per month.

Therefore, when looking for housing, US citizens should consider many factors, mainly the rental prices, as cities like Braga and Coimbra are more affordable than Lisbon, Porto, and Cascais. They should also consider whether their plan is to live in the city center or the countryside, because having a personal car is not necessary in urban areas with Portugal’s public transit, but in rural areas, having a car becomes essentially more convenient. US citizens should also plan whether they want to live close to their work, near an expat community, or in a busy city.

Tax Considerations When Moving to Portugal from the USA

Understanding the tax implications of moving to Portugal from the USA is essential for effective financial planning, as relocating may affect your tax obligations in both countries.

Portugal has a double taxation treaty with the US to address the taxation of income earned across borders and prevent income from being taxed twice. Under the agreement, dividends are subject to a 15% withholding tax, reduced to 5% for qualifying corporate shareholders. Interest and royalties are taxed at 10%, with exemptions available for certain government entities and long-term bank loans. Pensions are generally taxable only in the recipient’s country of residence. To avoid taxation, the US applies foreign tax credits, while Portugal may use both credit and exemption methods. Taxpayers must claim treaty benefits and file an IRS form when required.

Americans are deemed to be tax residents if they spend more than 183 consecutive days in Portugal in one year or maintain a residence. The taxes imposed include:

• Flat rate of 20% on employment income
• 10% fixed rate of pension income
• Exemption on rental income and royalties (depending on whether it is taxable abroad under DTA or the OECD Tax Model)
• Exemption on dividends and interest (depending on whether it is taxable abroad under DTA or OECD Tax Model)
• Exemption on capital gains (depending on whether it is taxable abroad under DTA or OECD Tax Model)
• 28% on net rental Income from real estate
• The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE) can exclude up to $120,000 of foreign-earned income from US taxes

How to Ship Your Belongings When Moving to Portugal from the USA

Americans considering moving to Portugal from the USA can transport their items and belongings simply and easily either by air or sea freight, due to Portugal’s geographic location. However, sea freight is more affordable and cost-effective but slower. For instance, from New York City to Lisbon, Portugal, it would take around 14 days for a container of furniture to be shipped, and from Los Angeles to Lisbon, around 27 days.

Moving to Portugal from the USA: Best Cities

• Lisbon serves as Portugal’s capital city, which unites modern urban life with traditional heritage and easy access to coastal beaches. English is widely spoken, which makes it an excellent choice for American retirees who want to experience both culture and convenience.
• Porto serves as a secure and attractive northern city that runs along the Douro River. The city provides an affordable lifestyle to expats because the cost of living in it is less than in Lisbon.
• Braga stands as one of Portugal’s oldest cities because it unites its ancient heritage with active nightlife and a strategic position, which is 30 minutes from the beaches, 15 minutes from the mountains, and 40 minutes from Spain.
• The island city of Madeira (Funchal) provides its residents with pleasant weather throughout the entire year. The island location of Madeira provides expats with peaceful surroundings and natural attractions that they can enjoy.
• The city of Coimbra attracts visitors because of its historic university while providing them with a secure environment, cultural attractions, and a relaxed atmosphere. The city provides an affordable cost of living and easy access to other parts of the country through its train network.
• Portimão is a sunny Algarve city that provides its residents with access to beaches, cafes, and a peaceful way of life. The city lacks sufficient public transportation, so residents might need to own a car, but it provides easy access to Lagos and Faro by road.

These Portuguese cities provide Americans with multiple relocation choices that combine cultural experiences with secure environments, affordable costs, and comfortable living standards.

Frequently Asked Questions about Moving to Portugal from the USA

• Is moving to Portugal from the USA considered an easy process?

Americans moving to Portugal from the USA should obtain a Portugal Golden Visa and complete the whole process, starting with collecting the required documents and submitting the application, along with other procedures such as getting an NIF number and opening a bank account. However, Portugal’s lower cost of living, calm and peaceful pace of life, and high-quality lifestyle make moving to it worthwhile.

• What are the minimum investment requirements to obtain the Golden Visa and move to Portugal?

Americans are required to donate at least €250,000 to promote the creation of art and the preservation or restoration of the nation’s cultural heritage to obtain Portugal’s Golden Visa, or invest worth €500,000 in qualified private equity or venture capital funds, or create job opportunities, among other options.

• Which documents are requested from the Investor to apply for Portugal’s Golden Visa?

Passport: Identification and signature page if a new passport has been issued since the original application.

Criminal Record: Federal/national record for immigration purposes, in English or with certified translation into Portuguese or English, legalized by the Portuguese Consulate (or apostilled if applicable), from the country where the applicant has lived for over a year (valid for 90 days).

Residence Permit/Visa: Certified copy of the foreign residency card, legalized by the Portuguese Consulate (or apostilled if applicable) if the applicant resides in a country different from their origin.

Tax Number: Certified copy of the foreign tax number document, legalized by the Portuguese Consulate (or apostilled if applicable). If no tax number exists, the equivalent number (e.g., social security, ID) or an official document stating its non-existence is acceptable.

• Can the Golden Visa application be done remotely or in an embassy?

The application itself is submitted online, but investors need to travel to Portugal for biometrics after their application is accepted.

• How long is the processing time for the Golden Visa in Portugal?

The average wait time at AIMA is a major determinant of the wait time for the Golden Visa application, which is subject to frequent fluctuations. As of late 2024, the average wait time for biometrics appointments used to take 18 to 24 months; however, after the most recent guidelines released in late December by AIMA to streamline the application process, it’s expected that the wait time will be cut down.

• Do I have to pay taxes in Portugal?

Being granted a Golden Visa in Portugal does not entitle you to Portuguese tax residency. You are not required to pay taxes on your non-Portuguese income until you move to Portugal and establish yourself as a tax resident. However, any money you earn within Portugal must be disclosed to Portugal and therefore be subject to taxation. You won’t pay taxes on the same income twice because of double-taxation treaties.

For more information about the Portugal Golden Visa and the requirements, please contact us via WhatsApp.

[1] https://www.numbeo.com/health-care/rankings_by_country.jsp

[2] https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/compare_countries_result.jsp?country1=United+States&country2=Portugal

[3] https://www.euronews.com/2026/09/22/renting-a-one-bedroom-flat-in-portugal-costs-200-euros-more-than-the-minimum-wage

Choosing where to live is often about making the pension income stretch further without compromising the quality of life. Beyond affordable houses and daily expenses such as groceries, utilities, and transportation, retirees consider the cost of healthcare services, as well as leisure and entertainment activities.

A destination that provides a manageable cost of retiring in Europe can allow retirees to allocate more of their income for dining out, cultural experiences, travel, and social activities. Therefore, the balance between monthly expenses, healthcare costs, and lifestyle opportunities can play an important role in deciding which Golden Visa to obtain.

Cost of Retiring in Europe: Start by Choosing the Right Destination

Greece

According to the 35^th Annual Global Retirement Index 2026, Greece was placed at the top of the list with an overall score of 90.1. This ranking is attributed to Greece’s policies that protect its expat incentives, Mediterranean climate, slower pace of life, community, and connection with nature, making it the premier target for global retirees seeking both sun and savings.

Portugal

Portugal was ranked in 4^th place, with an overall score of 87.4. This is due to Portugal’s fresh and affordable food, universal healthcare, and a broad range of lifestyles from Lisbon and Porto to the Algarve, Madeira and the Azores. Portugal offers the lowest cost of living in Western Europe, as retirees from North America, for instance, can expect to spend one-third to one-half less than they do in their home countries. Healthcare in Portugal is ranked 12^th by the World Health Organization.

Italy

Italy was ranked in 6^th place, with an overall score of 85.3. This ranking is attributed to Italy’s geographical diversity, from Sicily and the Mediterranean coastline to northern mountain regions, as well as its food, culture, and historic cities. With its rich culture, world-class cuisine, and relatively affordable living costs outside major cities, Italy provides an enviable lifestyle for retirees looking to embrace the charm of Europe.

Cost of Retiring in Europe in a Nutshell

The monthly cost of retiring in Europe depends heavily on the city chosen in each country and the lifestyle. Below is the average monthly cost of living in Portugal, Greece, and Italy, according to Numbeo:

Based on the figures above, Greece would be one of the best options in terms of cost of retiring in Europe, for both everyday expenses and accommodation.  A single person spends an average of €1,300 in Greece, €1,600 in Italy, and €1,620 in Portugal if they choose to live in the city center. Expenses may drop if they choose to live in calm and peaceful areas outside the city center.

Housing Cost of Retiring in Europe

Housing cost of retiring in Europe may vary depending on the type and size of the apartment and its location.

Greece

In Greece, the housing cost in urban centers like Athens and Thessaloniki has risen noticeably in recent years, driven by the growth of short-term rentals, steady tourism, and foreign investment. A one-bedroom apartment in a desirable area of central Athens now ranges from €800 to €1,000 per month, while Thessaloniki remains more affordable, between €600 and €1,000. In sought-after islands such as Santorini and Mykonos, prices surge further.

It is also worth highlighting that investors who choose the Greece Golden Visa through real estate investment may be able to use the property as their own residence, helping them avoid rental expenses while benefiting from an asset they already own.

Portugal

In Portugal,  Lisbon is the most expensive area. An independent flat that includes one bedroom in the capital region has a median price of €1,354 per month. It is followed by the island of Madeira at €1,295, Faro at €1,171, Porto at €983, Setúbal at €981, and São Miguel island in the Azores at €979 per month. At the other end of the scale, the cheapest one-bedroom flats are found in the districts of Guarda at €456 per month, Castelo Branco at €527 per month, and Bragança at €529 per month.

Italy

In Italy, Milan is the most expensive major city for renters, with a two-room flat costing an average of €1,128 a month. Rome had the second-highest average monthly rent among the cities cited, at €949 for a two-room flat. Florence followed at €879, while Bologna averaged €828.

Cost of Retiring in Europe: Daily Expenses

The cost of retiring in Europe includes everyday expenses that people spend on groceries, transportation, and utilities.

Greece

These expenses remain manageable in Greece, as utilities for an 85-square-meter apartment, including electricity, water, and heating, cost around €190 per month, with internet services adding another €30. Food costs vary depending on lifestyle, but a single person can expect to spend between €300 and €450 on groceries. Dining out remains accessible compared to other European countries, with a meal at a mid-range restaurant costing around €30 for a single person. Transportation is also affordable, with a monthly public transport pass costing around €30. Greece rewards its retirees in small but meaningful ways. Citizens and long-term residents over 65 receive 20–25% discounts on transport, museums, and more.

Portugal

Portugal also offers manageable day-to-day living costs, especially for retirees who choose smaller cities or live outside major urban centers. Basic utilities for a small apartment cost around €120 per month, and broadband internet costs €35. The cost of groceries in Portugal is cheaper than in Italy and Greece, with an average cost ranging between €200 and €300. Dining out in a mid-range restaurant costs around €20. Transportation is accessible and affordable, with a monthly public transport pass costing around €40. Long-distance trains called comboios crisscross from one end of Portugal to the other and offer reliable and inexpensive transport.

Italy

Daily expenses in Italy are considered higher than in Portugal and Greece. Utilities cost around €200 per month, and internet services cost €30. Estimated spending on groceries ranges between €350 and €450. Dining out in a mid-range restaurant costs around €35. Transportation is affordable, with a monthly public transport pass costing around €40. Here is a table showing the prices of some selected items in the three countries:

Healthcare Cost of Retiring in Europe

Healthcare costs play a major role in shaping the overall financial picture for the cost or retiring in Europe.

Greece

In Greece, healthcare is accessible through the public system, although expats opt for private insurance for added convenience and faster services. The cost of private healthcare insurance varies according to age and coverage. According to the Annual Global Retirement Index, Healthcare in Greece is both modern and inexpensive. Many doctors speak English, often US- or UK trained. A retiree over 70 might pay about $1,200 a year for private insurance.

Portugal

In Portugal, retirees can enroll in both public and private healthcare systems. Private insurance costs around €150 a month. They can also register with the public system, which provides universal healthcare that’s free or very low cost for most services. However, waiting times can be long in either, because doctors give patients plenty of time. Most of the doctors speak English, and the quality of care is outstanding.

Italy

Italy ranks in the 2nd place on the World Health Organization’s list, which makes it appealing for people considering retirement in Italy. It offers qualifying foreign retirees access to a comprehensive public healthcare system, under the applicable rules, and a well-established private healthcare system. Italy’s Ministry of Health confirms that certain foreign residents can voluntarily register by paying an annual contribution. Many essential services are publicly covered, but patients may pay a ticket for certain specialist consultations, diagnostic tests, and non-emergency services. Foreign retirees may require private health insurance that can cost approximately between  €1,200 and  €1,500 per person annually, depending on age and coverage.

Tax Incentives

Greece

A Key driver behind Greece’s appeal for retirees is its highly competitive tax policy. According to Greece’s rules, retirees[11] who transfer their legal tax residency to Greece qualify for a flat 7% tax on foreign retirement income, including Social Security, pensions, and IRAs, for up to 15 years. While this doesn’t eliminate US taxes, a tax treaty between Greece and the US prevents double taxation. So the 7% tax paid in Greece reduces the US tax liability dollar for dollar.

Italy

Italian tax residents are generally taxed on their worldwide income, including pension income. However, eligible foreign pensioners  who move to qualifying small municipalities in Southern Italy can opt to pay a 7% substitute tax on foreign-source income for each year. But the 7% rate applies for the periods covered by the option, rather than indefinitely. A retiree choosing Rome, Milan, Florence, Tuscany, or most other northern locations cannot use this specific 7% pensioner regime. Property ownership, rental income, investments and other assets can trigger additional taxes.

Portugal

In Portugal, the pension of a tax resident is subject to the applicable IRS rules. The tax depends on the pension amount, type of pension, source country, and applicable double tax treaty.

Monthly Cost of Retiring in Europe

Italy

Here is a monthly budget sample for a single person living in Rieti, Italy:

Portugal

Monthly Budget Sample for a Single Retiree living near but outside of a major city like Lisbon or Porto in Portugal[14]:

Greece

Monthly Budget Sample for a Single Retiree living in Greece[15]:

Conclusion

For investors seeking a manageable cost of retiring in Europe, Greece, Portugal, and Italy can all offer a relatively comfortable and affordable lifestyle, but the amount of money needed varies by location and lifestyle. Based on the figures above, Greece generally offers lower housing costs, while Portugal provides the lowest cost for groceries in Western Europe, since the produce is grown locally. Italy can be 30% lower than the cost of living in the US, for instance, especially when it comes to healthcare services.

For more information about the European Residency by Investment programs, please contact us vis WhatsApp.

In Portugal, investors who choose to apply for permanent residency after 5 years may be able to sell or liquidate their investment depending on the maturity date of the investment fund.

In Greece, the approach may take a different path due to the type of investment, which is mainly property ownership. However, investors need to maintain their qualifying investment as long as they want to renew their Golden Visa. If they decide to pursue long-term residency or citizenship, they can liquidate the investment, but different naturalization requirements apply.

In Italy, investors must maintain their qualifying investment as long as they are holding the visa. Selling the investment before this point can affect the validity or renewal of the Golden Visa permit. But they can apply for an EU long-term residence permit after 5 years, and for citizenship after 10 years of continuous residence in the country, typically more than six months per year, and evidence of integration into Italian life.

In Latvia, which has recently reshaped its residency by investment framework by removing the real estate investment and bank deposit routes, the Golden Visa exit strategy depends on the qualifying investment. Investors are required to maintain their qualifying investment to keep their Golden Visa permit. However, after 5 years, they can apply for permanent residency, proving basic Latvian language proficiency. They can sell or liquidate the investment only after securing permanent residency or deciding to abandon the Latvian residency. After 10 years of continuous legal residence, investors can apply for citizenship, provided that they fulfill specific conditions.

Cyprus Golden Visa investors should maintain their real estate investment while relying on the investor residence permit, and there is no Golden Visa exit strategy, which means they cannot liquidate their investment without losing their residency permit. However, they can apply for citizenship after 7 years of continuous legal residence.

Golden Visa Exit Strategy: Key Concepts to Understand

Golden Visa Investment Holding Periods: What Do They Actually Mean?

Whether in Portugal, Italy, or Latvia, the Golden Visa is provided to qualified investors for 2 years and can be renewed indefinitely past the initial 5-year mark as long as the investor maintains the qualifying investment. But after 5 years, investors may qualify to apply for permanent residency. On the contrary, the Greece Golden Visa has an initial 5 year validity, which can be renewed as long as you maintain the investment.  Below is an explanation of the related terms:

Visa validity: It shows how long the residence permit remains valid before it must be renewed. The Portugal, Latvia, Italy, and Cyprus Golden Visas are initially valid for two years and can be renewed for another three years. Greece Golden Visa is valid for 5 years.

Minimum investment holding period: It means the minimum length of time the qualifying investment must be maintained to meet the Golden Visa Program’s investment requirement. For example, the Greece Golden Visa program requires the investor to maintain the investment as long as he is holding the Golden Visa. In Portugal, the investor is required to commit to the five-year minimum investment period.

Investment/Fund maturity: It is the legal term of the investment itself, stating the period for which the underlying investment is required to be invested. Once the investment reaches maturity, the investor may be able to receive returns or redeem the investment, depending on the fund’s terms and Golden Visa rules. For instance, Portugal mandates qualifying investment funds to have a minimum five-year maturity at the time of investment. In Italy, Lativa, and Cyprus the investment must be held as long as the investor wants to keep his residency status.  In Greece, the property must remain owned and possessed by the investor to renew the Golden Visa.

Permanent residency eligibility: This is the phase where the investor becomes eligible to apply for permanent residency. However, this step does not happen automatically when the 5 years of holding the Golden Visa pass; applicants must meet the requirements to apply for permanent residence.

Citizenship eligibility: This is the phase where the investor can apply for citizenship after meeting the country’s naturalization requirements, such as passing a language test, showing cultural integration, and qualifying for residence. A Golden Visa or permanent residency does not automatically grant citizenship. While Portugal allows investors to apply for a visa after 10 years of legal residence, with a minimum stay requirement of 7 days per year, Greece and Cyprus enable them to apply after 7 years of actual residence, while Italy and Latvia allow them to apply after ten years of continuous residence, provided that they meet all the required conditions such as language proficiency and cultural knowledge.

Understanding Your Golden Visa Exit Strategy: Can You Sell the Investment After 5 Years

The answer depends on the program and the investor’s objective, as completing five years does not automatically mean the investment can be sold. The major question in this case is not whether 5 years have passed, but what the investor wants to do next: continue holding the Golden Visa, pursue permanent residence and then apply for citizenship, or exit the investment.

In Portugal, investors can exit the fund, liquidate, or redeem their investment after obtaining the permanent residency permit. If their qualifying investment is the fund, they have to consider its maturity date.

In Greece, after 5 years of holding a Golden Visa, an investor can acquire permanent residency, or long-term residency, provided that he meets the requirements such as five years of legal and continuous residence, sufficient income, and integration requirements. Applicants should not spend more than 6 months outside Greece at once and more than 10 months overall. They can sell their investment after obtaining EU long-term resident status or citizenship.

The same process applies in Italy, as investors cannot sell their startup shares as long as they want to keep or renew their Golden Visa. They can sell it after obtaining EU long-term residency or citizenship after meeting the requirements that include a relocation.

For Latvia, investors should keep their investment to maintain their residency status. They can sell it after obtaining their permanent residency or citizenship.

Cyprus Golden Visa investors cannot sell their qualifying investment and withdraw completely if they want to keep their residency status, unless they apply for permanent residency or citizenship after meeting the requirements, including maintaining permanent and continuous residence in the country.

What Happens If You Sell Your Golden Visa Investment Too Early?

Selling the real estate property, exiting an investment fund, or redeeming your investment too early, before meeting the program’s requirements can put your residence status and rights at risk. This may also affect the validity or renewal of the permit. Therefore, investors should never assume that reaching a specific number of years, or period of time, automatically permits an exit.

In Greece and Cyprus, for instance, the possession of the investment must be maintained as long as the investor is holding the Golden Visa, as it is required for renewal.

Similarly, Portugal mandates renewing the Golden Visa based on an investment to demonstrate that the qualifying investment remains in place; otherwise, the investor will lose his Golden Visa status.

The Latvian and Italian Golden Visa programs also require proof of the qualifying investment for renewing the residency permit. Therefore, selling the investment too early will result to losing the residency status.

What Happens to a Golden Visa Property Investment?

Selling the property that is supporting the Greece or Cyprus Golden Visa can affect the investor’s right to keep the residence permit, because it is a permit obtained when the individual invests in the country. The Golden Visa remains valid as long as the investor still has the investment that qualified him for it. To renew their Golden Visa, they need to show that they still own the property. Therefore, by selling the property, investors will lose the Golden Visa and the residence permit.

Can You Sell a Golden Visa Property and Buy Another One?

Whether in Cyprus or Greece, investors can sell their qualified real estate property and buy another one, only if the new investment satisfies the Golden Visa requirements. Selling a qualifying property and substituting it with another qualifying one should not be treated as a simple property exchange. This procedure may impose new investment thresholds and a higher minimum investment. Therefore, before taking any action or selling the existing qualifying property, investors should verify the Golden Visa eligibility of the replacement investment.

The qualified real estate investment routes for the Greece Golden Visa are:

• A minimum of €250,000: For real estate under renovation or conversion of commercial properties into residential use, or the restoration of registered buildings regardless of location or size. Applicants can buy €250,000 worth of real estate in Greece.
• A minimum of €400,000: Investors looking to obtain a Greece Real Estate Investment Residency can apply by purchasing property in rural areas or in less densely populated cities and islands, worth €400,000 or more, provided that the investment is in a single property of at least 120 m2.
• A minimum of €800,000: Investors can qualify for a Greece Golden Visa Real Estate Investment if they purchase a property in Athens, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini, Attica, and islands with more than 3,100 inhabitants, worth €800,000 or more.

The qualified real estate investment route for the Cyprus Golden Visa is:

• A minimum of €300,000: investors can qualify for a Cyprus Golden Visa if they purchase a property, which must be new, not resale, and purchased directly from a real estate developer.

Read Also: Best Golden Visa for Families in 2026

Greece and Cyprus Golden Visa Exit Strategy: Can You Sell Your Property After 5 Years?

Holding both Golden Visas for 5 years does not mean that the investor can automatically dispose of the qualifying property and retain the Golden Visa status. An investor can sell the property, provided that he purchases another eligible property before he does either deal; otherwise, the Golden Visa will be cancelled.

If the investor still needs the Golden Visa to live in the country or leverage its myriad benefits, he should maintain the property that qualifies him. Investors can sell the property after obtaining permanent residency in Cyprus or Greece, which requires continuous legal residence. They can also sell it after applying for citizenship after 7 years of continuous legal residence in each country, because once a person has legally obtained citizenship either in Greece or Cyprus, their right to live in it is no longer based on ownership of the Golden Visa property.

In a nutshell, investors in both Greece and Cyprus can sell the property that was purchased for the Golden Visa; however, if that property is the qualifying investment supporting the residence permit, selling it can affect the Golden Visa status. Investors should not assume that the permit will remain valid until the expiry date printed on the residence card. The consequences should be checked before the sale is completed.

What Is the Golden Visa Exit Strategy for Fund Investment?

For individuals investing in funds, the case is subject to both the fund’s investment terms and the Golden Visa requirements. In Portugal, the qualifying fund investment must have a minimum 6-year maturity to ensure that the investment will be valid for the necessary period to apply for permanent residency. Fund maturity does not mean that the investor receives the money immediately.

Qualifying investment funds may have a lock-up period, where they don’t dissolve for a minimum of 6 years. During this period, investors are not allowed to withdraw or redeem their investment.

Some funds provide additional time beyond their original maturity date, allowing the fund manager to continue managing or liquidating the investments before returning capital.

Investors can diversify their investment across several funds to reduce their risk, but they should invest a total of €500,000. There are closed-end and open-end funds across sectors such as renewable energy, tourism, healthcare, technology, and agriculture. However, reaching 5 years does not automatically mean that the investor can redeem their investment or withdraw the money.

After the fund matures, investors can redeem or liquidate the investment to receive the money. Some funds may have limited or no early redemption, while others may permit it subject to specific conditions, fees, or penalties.

At maturity, the investor may receive the capital in addition to any applicable gains. However, investors can experience losses or potential gains, depending on the investment performance and value of the fund’s underlying assets.

For investors who want to exit the fund after they receive permanent residency or citizenship, open-ended investments allow them to enter or exit the investment whenever they want, while closed-end investments lock them in for a specific period. Most Portuguese investment funds allow investors to transfer or sell the shares between participants.

Immigration timing and investment timing may not be identical, because the Golden Visa timeline and the fund’s investment lifecycle are separate. After 5 years, the investor may be eligible to apply for a permanent visa, but the fund is still within its lock-up period or has not yet reached maturity, so investors need to keep their investment, even while receiving permanent residence. Moreover, reaching the 5 year investment threshold does not automatically mean that the investor can immediately redeem the fund without considering its contractual terms.

Portugal Golden Visa: What Happens to Your Investment in the Long Term?

Fund-based investors should hold the investment for at least 5 years, depending on the fund’s maturity. Over these years, the fund managers invest in Portuguese companies, energy projects, or financial instruments. The annual return ranges between 7 and 15%, depending on the fund. Funds operate under Portuguese and EU financial regulations, which means there are strict rules on licensing, audits, and transparent reporting. The funds are also operated by licensed fund managers who manage risk on behalf of investors. Funds invest in several sectors, including bonds, equities, and government securities, and allocate part to alternative assets in diversified sectors. This diversification reduces reliance on a single sector and helps balance risks and returns.

After the holding period, the investor can sell the fund units through fund redemption, resale on the secondary market, or fund liquidation.

The Golden Visa exit strategy depends on the fund documentation rather than on five years. Therefore, investors should view the five years as an immigration milestone and not a guaranteed investment exit date. Before investing, investors should examine the fund’s maturity, lock-up period, redemption provisions, extension clauses, and expected return on investment alongside their long-term residence or citizenship plans.

Golden Visa Exit Strategy: What Happens After 10 Years?

What happens after a decade depends on the jurisdiction, the type of residency permit, the investment structure, and the investor’s objectives. After 10 years, an investor may have several possible paths. If he wants the flexibility of the Golden Visa status and still holds the qualifying investment and meets the renewal requirements, the investor can keep this route.

If he wants to go further, some jurisdictions may qualify investors for permanent residency or long-term residency. At this stage, they are not obliged to keep the qualifying investment.

Investors also have the option to pursue citizenship if they meet the relevant naturalization requirements, such as passing a language exam, demonstrating cultural integration, and providing proof of a clean criminal record.

Once the investment is no longer required for the investor’s residence status, the investor would be able to exit, redeem, or transfer the equities in the fund. However, this will be subject to the fund’s own terms.

The investor also has the option to change his status from an investor permit to another residence status that better reflects his circumstances. For instance, after holding the Golden Visa for 5 years, investors can apply for long-term residency.

Even after receiving citizenship or permanent residency, an investor can choose to keep the asset or fund for its promising financial returns and as part of a diversified portfolio. Therefore, reaching 10 years of residence does not automatically trigger an exit, permanent residency, or citizenship. The decision is based on the investor’s long-term plans.

Do You Get Your Golden Visa Investment Back?

Your Golden Visa exit strategy depends on the type of investment the investor chooses.

If the investment is a contribution or donation to the country’s economy, this is non-refundable, as investors pay towards a qualifying public interest rather than acquiring an asset that they can resell or redeem. Italy’s Golden Visa program have to option to make charitable donations worth €1 million for projects that benefit society in Italy. Portugal’s Golden Visa program also includes donating €250,000 to an artistic project.

On the contrary, real estate property investment is potentially recoverable because the investor owns an asset that can be sold after a certain period of time. There is huge potential that the price of this property appreciates over time.

The investment fund, including private equity and venture capital funds, can also be recovered through redemption, liquidation, or transfer, depending on the fund’s maturity, liquidity, and performance. Portugal’s qualifying investment funds enable investors to recover the investment after the maturity date of the investment.

It is worth noting that the investment funds do not guarantee that the investor receives the original capital back after five years.

Investment in limited companies is potentially recoverable through a sale, dividend distribution, or exit; however, the value of the shares depends on the business’s performance and market conditions.

Golden Visa Exit Strategy: Can You Keep Your Investment After Getting Citizenship?

Obtaining a new status, whether permanent residency or citizenship, doesn’t mean that the investor is required to sell the asset and execute Golden Visa exit strategy. An investor can maintain the investment or dispose of it depending on their personal objectives and tax considerations.

Should You Plan Your Golden Visa Exit Strategy Before You Invest?

Definitely. Golden Visa investors should assess the entire process with the exit strategy in mind, and not only the initial eligibility requirements.

Before investing, investors should consider the investment horizon, how easily the asset can be liquidated and converted to cash, and the specific exit mechanism, whether that means selling a property, redeeming funds, or exiting a business investment.

Investors should determine whether they are planning to renew the Golden Visa, pursue permanent residency, or apply for citizenship, as each pathway may have different requirements. Investors should also consider the potential taxes, transaction costs, management fees, and other expenses associated with entering and exiting the investment.

A Golden Visa strategy should study how you enter the program, and how and when you may exit the investment. Citizenship Bay team includes certified professionals who can help you navigate the Golden Visa process seamlessly.

Frequently Asked Questions About Golden Visa Exit Strategy

• What does a Golden Visa exit strategy look like after 5 years?

Golden Visa Investors should maintain their investment as long as they want to keep their residency status. After 5 years, Golden Visa holders, whether from Portugal, Greece, Italy, Latvia, or Cyprus will become eligible to apply for permanent residency, provided that they meet each program’s requirements.

• Can I use a Golden Visa exit strategy to sell my investment after 5 years?

This differs from one program to another, because this may lead to losing the residency status.

After 5 years of holding the Portugal Golden Visa, investors can apply for permanent residency, but selling or liquidating the investment depends on the investment route and the maturity date of the fund they are investing in.

In Greece, investors can sell their property after applying for permanent residency after 5 years.

In Italy, investors can liquidate their shares or sell their innovative startup after obtaining permanent residency after 5 years.

In Latvia, investors can sell their investment only after obtaining permanent residency, otherwise, they will lose their residency status.

In Cyprus, investors will also be able to sell the qualifying property after obtaining permanent residency.

• Can a Golden Visa exit strategy help me recover my investment?

Getting the investment back depends on the program and the type of investment. In Portugal, donations are non-refundable, while fund investments and company shares can be recovered through a sale, redemption, or exit. But the timing depends on the maturity date.

In Greece, investors can sell or liquidate their real estate property, with a value that usually appreciates over time. However, if they sell the property before obtaining a permanent residency they will lose their residence permit.

In Italy, investors can sell their innovative startup or their shares in limited companies, or they can keep their investment and benefit from high returns.

In Latvia, investors can sell their companies and get the investment back, and they also have the option to keep it and benefit from the returns.

In Cyprus, investors can sell their real estate property after obtaining permanent residency or citizenship.

• What happens if I sell my Golden Visa property?

If the property is considered the basis of the Golden Visa, selling it may jeopardize the ability to renew the permit. Whether in Greece or Cyprus, investors should maintain the property as long as they are holding the Golden Visa. They can substitute the property with another qualifying one with an investment value which is equal or higher. Investors can sell their property after obtaining permanent residency or citizenship.

• Can a Golden Visa exit strategy include withdrawing from an investment fund?

This depends on the fund’s maturity, lock-up period, and liquidity provisions. Portuguese qualifying funds, for instance, require a minimum of 5 years’ maturity when the investment is made. Investors who withdraw before the maturity date will lose their qualifying investment.

• Do I need to keep my investment after obtaining permanent residency under my Golden Visa exit strategy?

Once investors obtain permanent residence status, they can sell, redeem, or liquidate their investment. However, if investors want to keep their investment, they can do.

• Do I have to keep my investment after citizenship?

Citizenship is a separate legal status from the Golden Visa; therefore, once it is granted, the investor can sell or redeem his investment. Therefore, the investment remains subject to the investor’s own contractual and financial terms.

• What happens when a Golden Visa expires?

Investors who want to keep their Golden Visa valid have to renew it every two years and continue meeting the applicable requirements. After 5 years, they can choose to apply for permanent residence.

• Can a Golden Visa be renewed after 5 years?

Yes. Portugal, Italy, Latvia, Cyprus, and Greece allow investors to renew the Golden Visa after 5 years, as long as they are holding the qualified investment and meeting the applicable requirements. They become eligible to apply for permanent residency after meeting the requirements, which include continuous residency, language profetioncy, cultural integration, and clean criminal record.

• What is a Golden Visa exit strategy?

A Golden Visa exit strategy is a plan for when and how investors may eventually sell, redeem, liquidate, or transfer their shares. Ignoring this step would jeopardize your residency objectives. The strategy should consider the investment horizon, exit mechanism, residence pathway, citizenship plans, and potential taxes and fees. Authorized agents such as Citizenshipbay can help you set this strategy and overcome this process seamlessly.

For more information about Golden Visa exit strategy, how to apply for a Golden Visa Investment, please contact us via WhatsApp.

Best Golden Visa For Americans in 2026 : Portugal Vs. Greece Vs. Italy at a Glance

1. Securing Plan B: In an era characterized by geopolitical realignments, sectoral variation, and valuation pressure, Americans are increasingly looking to secure a Plan B by obtaining a European residency. This provides them and their families with safety, security, and the freedom to access global opportunities.
2. European Residency Benefits: Whether Portugal, Greece, or Italy, they all offer Americans greater global mobility, access to new lifestyle and family opportunities, and the ability to relocate when circumstances get worse.
3. Retirement Planning: Americans who have already accumulated wealth or retirement assets are sometimes choosing to move to their dream countries that combine cultural attractions, established expatriate communities, a slower pace of life, access to high-quality healthcare services, lower cost of living, and a warm climate.
4. Family Opportunities: All three Golden Visa Programs allow investors to include their family members in a single application. Americans can also take advantage of the high-quality education in Europe, with several universities ranked among the top 100 globally.
5. Peaceful and Relaxing Lifestyle: Portugal, Greece, and Italy are all celebrated for their breathtaking natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and history. They are all renowned for their relaxed pace of life, friendly locals, strong family values, and emphasis on work-life balance, along with a warm climate and moderate temperatures.
6. International Mobility: The three programs give investors the ability to enter the Schengen zone without a visa. But to benefit from the country’s strong passport, investors are required to obtain citizenship.
7. Asset Diversification: All three programs provide various investment opportunities, including investment funds, innovative startups, property ownership, company creation, government bonds, and company shares. These varieties allow Americans to build a stronger and balanced portfolio to broaden their reach and tap into new growth cycles and income streams.
8. Minimum Residency Requirements: Italy and Greece’s Golden Visa programs do not impose any minimum residency requirements, while Portugal requires 7 days of physical residence annually. However, Americans are required to keep and maintain the qualified investment as long as they are holding the Golden Visa. Therefore, investors can choose to relocate to the host country without necessarily moving immediately.

1. • How the Portugal Golden Visa works

The Portugal Golden Visa offers a straightforward route to European residency without any need to relocate immediately. The program is for eligible investors who are at least 18 years old, with a clean criminal record and good health. It offers a variety of affordable investment choices to obtain a residency permit in the country. Applicants must spend at least 7 days annually in Portugal and can apply for citizenship after 10 years of legal residence. The Portugal Golden Visa allows holders to live, study, and work in the country, and to enter the Schengen area without a visa.

1. • Qualifying investment routes

• €250,000 donation to qualified projects in Portuguese arts or national cultural heritage reconstruction.
• €500,000 contribution to scientific research in science or technology, conducted by public or private scientific research institutions involved in the national scientific or technological system.
• €500,000 investment in private equity or venture capital funds, excluding any fund that has direct or indirect real estate ties.
• €500,000 investment in a qualified Portuguese company combined with job creation requirements.

• Minimum investment

Investors can obtain a Portugal Golden Visa by donating €250,000 to qualified projects in Portuguese arts or national cultural heritage reconstruction. It is worth noting that the donations non-refundable.

1. • Physical presence requirement

Investors holding the Portugal Golden Visa are required to stay at least 7 days annually in the country. Moreover, they are required to maintain the qualified investment as long as they are holding the residency permit. They can liquidate the investment after obtaining citizenship or permanent residency.

1. • Family inclusion

The Portugal Golden Visa program allows investors to include their family members in one application without any additional cost except the due diligence and residence card issuance fees. Investors can include partners who are legally married or recognized de facto, dependent children up to 24 years old, and dependent parents or grandparents of either spouse if economic dependency is officially proven.

1. • Path to permanent residency or citizenship

Portugal Golden Visa is valid for two years and renewable for another three years. At the end of the fifth year, they can apply for permanent residency. After 10 years of legal residence, Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship. But Portugal imposes several conditions beyond the residence period, including a language test, cultural and civic knowledge, and security and criminal record conditions.

1. • Advantages for Americans

Portugal is considered the best Golden Visa for Americans looking to diversify their asset portfolio and invest in private equity and venture capital funds. It is also attractive for American families looking to raise their children in a safe and secure country that provides high-quality education and healthcare services. It is also appealing for retirees opting for a peaceful and relaxed lifestyle with an affordable cost of living, where their retirement savings can stretch further. Portugal’s program is also attractive for American retirees who want to leverage the Individual Retirement Account without penalties or taxes by investing in Portuguese investment funds.

• Who is Portugal Best for?

Portugal is the best Golden Visa for Americans looking for moderate returns from private equity and venture capital funds, rather than investments in residential real estate. Portugal’s program is also attractive for Americans who want to leverage the Individual Retirement Account (IRAs) without penalties or taxes by investing in Portuguese investment funds.  It is also suitable for Americans prioritizing limited physical presence requirements for their path to citizenship.

Best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026: Greece

• How it works

The Greek Golden Visa is a residency by investment program that offers non-EU citizens the opportunity to obtain Greek residency by investing in real estate or other qualifying assets in the country.

To qualify for a Greek Golden Visa, applicants must be at least 18 years old with a clean criminal record, have valid medical health insurance, and provide proof of the source of funds. The program provides a five-year residence permit for investors who make a minimum investment of €250,000 in Greek real estate or other investment routes, including local startups, leasing hotel accommodation, or purchasing Greek equities or government bonds.

The program does not impose any physical stay requirements, allowing investors to apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence.

• Real-estate investment routes

• A minimum of €250,000: For real estate under renovation or conversion of commercial properties into residential use, or the restoration of registered buildings regardless of location or size. Applicants can buy €250,000 worth of real estate in Greece.

• A minimum of €400,000: Investors looking to obtain a Greece Real Estate Investment Residency can apply by purchasing property in rural areas or in less densely populated cities and islands, worth €400,000 or more, provided that the investment is in a single property of at least 120 m2.

• A minimum of €800,000: Investors can qualify for a Greece Golden Visa Real Estate Investment if they purchase a property in Athens, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini, Attica, and islands with more than 3,100 inhabitants, worth €800,000 or more.

• No/minimal residence requirement

One of the key advantages of the Greece Golden Visa program is that there are no minimum residency requirements to maintain the Visa. However, Americans should keep and maintain the investment as long as they are holding the permit.

• Family Inclusion

American applicants can include their family members in a single application, such as civil partners and legal marriages, dependent children up to 18 years old, and parents of any age if they have no other children in their home country, and dependent parents and parents-in-law of both the main applicant and the spouse without any age restrictions.

• Citizenship Considerations

Greece Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence in the country, along with additional integration requirements. Greece requires applicants to pass a Greek language exam, provide evidence of integration, such as participation in Greek cultural or social activities, and demonstrate having enough income or financial resources to support themselves and their families. Once Americans obtain citizenship, they are no longer obliged to maintain the investment.

1. • Advantages

• Real Estate Ownership: The program allows applicants to invest in real estate property with a minimum threshold of €250,000, along with several investment routes in local startups, equities, government bonds, and company shares.
• Lump-sum Tax Regime: Greece provides an attractive lump-sum tax regime for Americans who invest a minimum of €500,000 in Greek assets, including real estate. Qualified individuals are subject to an annual lump-sum tax of €100,000, in addition to €20,000 for a spouse and each child or parent. Any additional family member who wants to benefit from the lump-sum tax regime, such as children, can be added later through a supplementary application, provided that it is submitted within the 15-year duration of the principal application.
• Quick Path to Citizenship: The Golden Visa program allows its holder to apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence in Greece, provided that they pass a language test and show evidence of integration.

• Who is Greece Best for?

Greece may be the best Golden Visa for Americans looking to own a property with a value that appreciates over time.  It is also ideal for those looking for a fast route to European citizenship. Greece is also appealing for investors looking to benefit from the lump-sum tax regime.

Best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026: Italy

1. • How Italy’s Investor Visa works

Italy’s Investor Visa, also known as the Golden Visa program, allows non-EU nationals who invest a minimum of €250,000 in the country’s economy to obtain residency. Its fast-track process, low investment thresholds, and strategic access to the European market make it an ideal option for American investors looking to obtain European residency. The program provides residence permits for specific investment options, excluding real estate, such as investing in innovative startups, limited companies, and government bonds. The visa is granted for 2 years and can be extended for three years without any minimum residency requirements. However, the path to citizenship requires 10 years of actual residence.

What gives Italy’s program an advantage is that the qualifying investment can be made after the Investor Visa has been approved. This reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.

1. • Investing Minimum €250,000 in Innovative Startup

Investing €250,000 in an innovative startup is one of the most attractive investment routes provided by Italy’s Investor Visa program. For investors who are prioritizing business exposure and looking to grow in the market and gain long-term returns, Italy is a good choice. The average annual return on investment from an Italian company ranges from 3% to 4%. The Italian tech ecosystem achieved strong results in 2024, with companies that raised more than €1.3 billion.

The Italian innovation-driven industries demonstrate their growth through three key sectors, which include fintech, software, and space, sectors that show advancement in financial technology, digital transformation, and space exploration. Major cities such as Milan, Turin, and Rome have become vibrant hubs for tech and entrepreneurship, with Milan emerging as a central player, attracting both national and international investments.

1. • Investing €500,000 in an Italian Company

Investing €500,000 in a business is regarded as one of the most attractive ways to obtain residency in Italy. Investors can invest in listed or unlisted shares of a company that operates in Italy. For Italian non-financial companies listed on the EXM market, Return on Equity (ROE) rose to 10.9% in 2024, and Return on Assets (ROA) reached 2.6%, highlighting greater efficiency in the use of invested capital.

1. • Other eligible investment routes

Investors looking to obtain Italy’s Investor Visa can also donate €1,000,000 to a philanthropic initiative. They can also buy Italian government bonds worth €2,000,000.

1. • When Must the Investment Be Made?

The qualifying investment can be made after receiving approval for Italy’s Investor Visa. This advantage reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.

1. • Residency requirements

Italy does not impose any minimum requirements for physical presence; therefore, investors can obtain the Golden Visa without any need to visit and stay in the country. However, to maintain the residency permit, investors must hold their investment.

1. • Family Inclusion

Italy’s Investor Visa program allows investors to include their family members in one application. The application can include legally recognized spouses or civil partners, dependent children up to 18 years old, including children of the spouse, and parents of any age if they have no other children in their home country, or parents above 65 if other children cannot support them due to documented health reasons. However, including the family member may incur additional costs such as subscription fees and residence permit fees.

1. • Path to Citizenship

Golden Visa holders looking to obtain Italian citizenship can apply after 10 years of actual residence. But investors are required to meet other conditions, such as providing proof of sufficient income and the absence of criminal convictions, as well as passing a language test.

1. • Advantages

Italy’s Investor Visa offers its holders massive benefits:

• Low Entry Point: The program allows Americans to apply for European residency at a low investment threshold that doesn’t exceed €250,000, and at the same time gain exposure to innovative Italian startups that have large potential to grow and thrive in the European market and achieve long-term returns.
• Making Investment After Receiving Approval: The qualifying investment can be made after the Investor Visa has been approved. This reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.
• Lump-Sum Tax Regime: Italy offers a vital tax advantage for investors and high-net-worth individuals with substantial foreign-source income because of its lump-sum regime. This system replaces ordinary Italian taxation on eligible foreign-source income with a fixed tax of €300,000 regardless of the amount of that foreign income. This makes Italy attractive for investors whose international income is sufficiently high.
• Home to Leading Universities: The country is also home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Top Italian universities include Politecnico di Milano, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Bologna, and University of Padua.

Best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026: Which One Requires the Lowest Investment?

All three programs require investing at least €250,000 in the country’s economy to obtain the Golden Visa, but the investment types differ.

Portugal’s €250,000 option is a non-refundable donation to support qualifying cultural projects or artistic projects, and the main common investment route requires €500,000 in private equity and venture capital funds.

Greece’s €250,000 option is to acquire a real estate property under renovation or conversion of commercial properties into residential use, or restoration of registered buildings. The standard real estate investment is to purchase a €400,000 property in rural areas or in less densely populated cities, or to purchase an €8,000,000 property in high-demand areas such as Athens.

Italy’s option is to invest €250,000 in an innovative startup that has large potential to grow and thrive.

Therefore, the lowest investment threshold does not necessarily mean the most suitable option for the lowest risk. The best Golden Visa program for Americans depends on the investor’s preferences and broader objectives, along with the liquidity he has and the associated risks. The cheapest option depends on what type of investment the investor is prepared to make, and the risks he is ready to take.

Best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026: Real Estate

Greece is the sole and best Golden Visa program for Americans through Real Estate. American investors have the option to invest €250,000 only for renovating or converting commercial properties into residential use, regardless of location or size. They can also purchase a property in rural areas or even in high-demand regions such as Athens, Santorini, and Mykonos. On the contrary, real estate investment is not an eligible route in Portugal and Italy’s Golden Visa programs. Portugal even restricts investing in investment funds that have direct investment in real estate.

Best Golden Visa for Americans Who Don’t Want to Relocate

The Best Golden Visas for Americans who want residency without relocating are Italy and Greece. They both have no minimum stay requirement or physical presence to maintain residency. However, Portugal requires spending at least 7 days annually.

Best Golden Visa for Americans Seeking European Citizenship

The Best Golden Visa for Americans seeking European citizenship is Greece, depending on the investor’s objectives. If he is looking to obtain citizenship without relocating to the host country, Portugal is considered the ideal option because it enables investors to apply for citizenship with a limited physical presence requirement that does not exceed 7 days annually.

However, if the investor intends to relocate, Greece is a better option because they can apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence. Italy allows the Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship after 10 years of actual residence. All three countries mandate passing a language exam and proving integration into the country’s culture, along with a sufficient income and absence of criminal convictions.

Best Golden Visa for Americans for Retirement

The best Golden Visa for Americans for Retirement can be reflected in the recent official reports. According to the Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin 2025, there is a large number of American retirees living in Italy, Portugal, and Greece. Below is a detailed table showing the number of retirees in the three countries:

Portugal, Italy, and Greece are all best golden visa for American retirees. But the Best Golden Visa depends on the American’s preferences and personal objectives.

Lifestyle: All three countries are renowned for their calm, balanced, and peaceful lifestyle, where retirees can enjoy long lunches, seaside walks, and community-centered living, which replaces the urgency of a fast-paced environment in the US. In terms of safety, Portugal is the best fit, as it ranks 7th on the Global Peace Index.

Cost of Living: Compared to the US, the cost of living is lower in the 3 countries. However, it is the lowest in Portugal, while the rent index and the local purchasing power are considered the best in Greece.

Healthcare access: Portugal is considered the best option because it stands out in the 2026 Health Care Index. It is ranked 21st, followed by Italy 47^th, and Greece 67th. But it is worth noting that the three countries have accessible and well-developed healthcare systems, providing excellent medical care services

Residency: Greece is the best option, as it allows investors to apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence. Italy also does not impose any residency requirements, so retirees can maintain their residency permit without any need to visit the country. Portugal is suitable for retirees who want flexibility rather than immediate relocation, as it requires only 7 days of physical presence.

Property: Greece is the only program where property ownership is an eligible investment. American retirees can also lease an accommodation in a hotel for €400,000. Neither Italy nor Portugal allows property ownership to obtain a Golden Visa.

Taxation: Greece is the most attractive option in terms of taxes, as it provides a lump-sum regime. Qualified individuals are subject to an annual lump-sum tax of €100,000 if they invest a minimum of €500,000 in Greek assets, including real estate. Italy is considered a suitable choice for affluents with substantial foreign-source income. This system replaces ordinary Italian taxation on eligible foreign-source income with a fixed tax of €300,000 regardless of the amount of that foreign income.

Physical presence: Italy and Greece are the most appealing options, as they don’t require minimum physical presence in the country.

Best Golden Visa for American Families

If you are looking for the best Golden Visa for Americans and families, here is your answer. Portugal, Italy, and Greece allow investors to include their family members, including spouse, children, and parents, in the same application, rather than applying separately, provided that their children meet the eligibility requirements of the program.

If the investor’s priority is to include dependent adults up to 24 years old, Portugal is the strongest among the three programs, giving it a clear advantage for families with older children seeking residency. Greece allows including children up to 21 years old, and Italy up to 18 years.

If the American investor wants to include his parents. Portugal allows them to include dependent parents or grandparents of either spouse, once they demonstrate financial dependency. Greece offers broader flexibility, allowing both parents and parents-in-law of the main applicant and spouse to be included without any age restrictions. Italy’s Golden Visa allows parents to be included depending on their family circumstances. Parents of any age may qualify if they don’t have other children in their home country, while parents aged 65 or older are eligible where their other children are unable to support them for documented health reasons.

If the American investor wants to relocate and raise his children in the host country, Portugal and Italy are the best options. Italy leads in higher education, as it is home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Portugal offers a well-organized and inclusive education system, offering high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education with diverse options. Greece is also a good option for children to study and attend universities, as it is home to several universities and technical colleges that provide a wide variety of programs across various subjects.

If the American family wants to relocate and work in the host country, Portugal and Italy are the best fit, as they allow Golden Visa holders to reside, study, and work in the country, while Greece prohibits them from working in the country.

Best Golden Visa for Americans :  Tax Considerations

Although US citizens remain subject to US taxation regardless of residence, tax treaties and tax lump-sum programs are provided by countries such as Italy and Greece. Below is the difference between related terms:

1. • Immigration residency

It is a legal immigration status, which means residence permits provided by Portugal, Italy, or Greece. It gives investors the right to live in the country and may come with minimum stay requirements. However, this permit does not make its holder a tax resident, and it does not terminate the original citizenship or tax obligations.

1. • Tax residency

Individuals are deemed to be tax residents if they spend more than 183 consecutive days during one year in Portugal, Greece, or Italy. The three countries impose taxes on tax residents only, not all investors holding the Golden Visa. Below are the taxes imposed on tax residents in each country:

Portugal

Residents in Portugal are taxed on their worldwide income at progressive rates varying from 12.50% to 48% for 2026.

Non-residents are liable to income tax only on Portuguese-source income, which includes not only that portion of remuneration that can be allocated to the activity carried out in Portugal but also remuneration that is paid/borne by a Portuguese company or permanent establishment (PE).

Non-residents are taxed at a flat rate of 25% on their taxable remuneration (e.g. employment, self-employment, and pension income) in 2026.

Resident income tax rates for 2026

Italy

In Italy, individuals may be subject to national income tax, regional income tax, and municipal income tax. The tax liability is computed on a progressive basis. The applicable national tax rates are shown below.

Regional income tax depends on the region of residence. The regional income tax rate generally ranges from 1.23% to 3.33%.

Municipal income tax depends on the municipality of residence. It generally ranges from 0% to 0.9%. Municipalities may establish progressive tax rates applicable to the national income brackets.

Individuals who transfer their tax residency to Italy may elect for the application of a flat tax on foreign-sourced income, provided that the relevant conditions are met. The lump sum is €300,000 on an annual basis, regardless of the level of their foreign-sourced income. Family members can also benefit from this tax regime. The flat tax for qualifying relatives is €50,000 per person.

The lump sum tax regime applies to foreign-sourced income and replaces:

• income tax on foreign investments, including foreign interest, dividends, and capital gains, except for capital gains on qualified participations earned in the first five years;
• wealth tax on real estate and financial investments owned outside Italy;
• financial monitoring obligations through the Italian tax return.

A special regime provides for a flat tax rate of 7% on non-Italian-sourced pensions and other foreign-source income. The ordinary length of the regime is ten years, starting from the tax year in which the individual becomes an Italian tax resident. More precisely, the option is valid from that tax period and for the following nine tax periods.

The regime applies not only to foreign pension income but also, where the relevant conditions are met, to other categories of foreign-source income, including employment or self-employment income, business income, capital income, rental income, and certain other income.

Greece

Income tax is payable by all individuals earning income in Greece, regardless of citizenship or place of permanent residence. Permanent residents are taxed on their worldwide income in Greece.

Real estate property

From tax year 2026 onwards, the tax scale applicable to income derived from real estate is illustrated below:

Non-dom regime for investors

The non-dom regime provides an alternative way of taxing income derived abroad for individuals transferring their tax residence to Greece (non-dom).

Under this regime, individuals will pay a lump-sum tax of €100,000 per tax year, irrespective of the amount of income earned abroad, for a maximum of 15 fiscal years. Moreover, it is possible to extend the regime to any of their relatives by paying an additional tax equal to €20,000 per person per tax year. In such cases, the provisions of inheritance, gift, and parental grant tax will not apply.

1. • U.S. citizenship-based taxation

The US taxes its citizens on worldwide income regardless of where they live or hold residency. Therefore, an American holding a European Golden Visa may still have US filling and tax obligations. Foreign tax credits and other provisions may reduce double taxation, but they don’t eliminate the US filing requirements.

FATCA

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act is an information reporting regime designed to identify US taxpayers’ foreign financial assets. Certain U.S. taxpayers holding financial assets outside the United States must report those assets to the IRS generally using Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets. The aggregate value of these assets must exceed $50,000 to be reportable, in general, but in some cases, the threshold may be higher.

1. • PFIC considerations for certain foreign investments

A Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC) is a foreign corporation meeting specific US tax tests. Several mutual and investment funds or similar vehicles fall within the PFIC rules. US individuals holding a direct or indirect shareholder in a PFIC must file Form 8621 for each tax year.

1. • Need for U.S./cross-border tax advice

Americans looking to obtain a Golden Visa should take a US cross border tax advice before selecting the residency program or making foreign investment. The appropriate analysis depends on the individual’s residence, income, assets, investment structure, and applicable tax treaties. The advice is critical before purchasing foreign funds or other investments that could trigger US reporting or taxation.

Best Golden Visa for Americans by Goal

There is no best Golden Visa for Americans, as the right choice depends on the investor’s priorities and objectives.

Best Golden Visa for Americans: How to Choose?

There is no best Golden Visa program for Americans, as the better approach depends on the budget, preferred assets, relocation plans, citizenship objectives, tax benefits, and time horizon.

Regarding the investment budget, all three programs start at €250,000; however, the investor’s decision may vary depending on their preferred asset. If he wants to exploit this investment in a small and innovative business that may thrive over time, Italy is the best fit. If he wants to own a real estate property, Greece is the sole option, and if he wants to make a nonrefundable donation without achieving any returns, Portugal is an ideal option.

If the investor wants to raise his investment budget to €500,000. Portugal allows investing in funds that provide moderate financial returns. Italy allows investing in company shares that may bring high returns due to the good performance and strong structure of Italian companies.

If American investors want to relocate, Portugal is a suitable fit because it is ranked among the top countries in safety and healthcare services, and the cost of living is low compared to the US.  If the investor wants to move with his children, Italy is an ideal option due to the high-quality education services, including universities.  However, if the American investor has no plans to relocate, Greece and Italy don’t impose any physical presence requirements, while Portugal mandates staying at least 7 days annually.

If the American investor is looking to obtain citizenship, Greece is the best choice as it allows them to apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence, with additional requirements such as passing a language test and cultural knowledge. If they want to obtain citizenship without relocating to the host country, Portugal is the best program because it allows them to apply for citizenship after 10 years, provided that they spend 7 days annually in Portugal.

For American investors looking for tax advantages, this requires careful analysis, but Greece is considered a good choice as it offers an attractive lump-sum tax regime.

For Americans seeking to secure a Plan B quickly, the Greece Golden Visa stands out as one of the Best Golden Visa for Americans, with residency obtainable in as little as three months.

Frequently Asked Questions about Best Golden Visa for Americans

• What is the best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026?

There is no single best Golden Visa for Americans . However, Portugal can suit those prioritizing long-term returns from investment funds and a path to citizenship without actual residence. Greece is attractive for Americans looking for real estate ownership. Italy can suit Americans looking to invest in innovative startups and gain access to the European market.

• Can Americans get a Golden Visa in Europe?

Yes, Americans are eligible to apply for a Golden Visa in Europe, provided that they meet the legal requirements and invest in the country’s economy.

• Which European Golden Visa is cheapest for Americans?

The lowest investment threshold starts at €250,000 in all three countries; however, the investment type may vary.

• Is Portugal or Greece better for Americans?

The best Golden Visa for Americans depends on the investor’s objective. Greece is more suitable for Americans seeking property ownership, while Portugal may be more attractive for investing in funds.

• Can Americans buy property and get residency in Europe?

Greece is the best Golden Visa for Americans that allows real estate property ownership as a qualifying route for Golden Visa.

• Do I have to live in Europe to maintain a Golden Visa?

Not necessarily. While Greece and Italy do not impose any physical presence requirements to maintain the visa, Portugal mandates staying at least 7 days annually to maintain it.

• Does a Golden Visa make me a European tax resident?

No. Holding a Golden Visa doesn’t make an American a tax resident. Americans are required to spend more than 183 days during a year in the host country to become tax residents.

• Do U.S. citizens still pay U.S. taxes after moving to Europe?

Yes. Americans remain subject to US taxation on worldwide income, even if they are living abroad. However, foreign tax credits and other provisions may help prevent double taxation.

• Can my spouse and children be included?

All three Golden Visa programs allow applicants to include spouse, children, and parents in one application, without incurring any additional fees apart from due diligence and residence card fees. For families, Portugal is one of the Best Golden Visa options for Americans with children between the ages of 21 and 24.

• Can a Golden Visa eventually lead to an EU passport?

A Golden Visa does not directly grant citizenship, but after spending a specific number of years, applicants will be able to apply for citizenship. The best Golden Visa to qualify to citizenship without relocation is Portugal.

Conclusion: What is the best Golden Visa for Americans?

What is the best Golden Visa for Americans ? No one answer fits all investors. Portugal may be more suitable for Americans looking to invest in funds with potential returns. Greece may appeal to investors looking to purchase real estate properties with a value that appreciates over time, without any minimum stay requirements. Italy can be relevant for Americans interested in investing in innovative startups that have great growth potential. The most suitable program depends on the investor’s objectives, personal and financial needs, and citizenship goals.

For more information about best Golden Visa for Americans, please contact us via WhatsApp.

Read Also: 10 Reasons Why Are Americans Renouncing US Citizenship

 

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https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/fatca-information-for-individuals

In the second quarter of 2026, the number of expatriates reached 3,243, the highest level since the pandemic in 2020. This trend is attributed to Americans’ growing desire to secure a Plan B due to practical burdens, political and social considerations, the high cost of living, retirement, or diversifying global mobility options.

Americans renouncing US Citizenship are turning to other alternatives, such as a second citizenship in the Caribbean or a European residency, to obtain greater flexibility, security, peace of mind, and tax advantages.

Americans Renouncing US Citizenship at a Glance

The number of Americans choosing to expatriate or relinquish their US citizenship has risen in recent years, reflecting a growing interest in establishing lives, business, or even retiring beyond the United States. The figures below demonstrate this trend:

10 Major Reasons Why Americans Renouncing US Citizenship

1. Securing Plan B: In an era characterized by geopolitical realignments, sectoral variation, and valuation pressure, Americans are increasingly looking to secure a Plan B by obtaining a second citizenship or residency. This provides them and their families with safety, security, and freedom to access global opportunities.
2. Political and Social Consideration: For some Americans, political polarization and dissatisfaction with the political environment have become additional factors for considering an international move.
3. High Cost of Living: The rise in the cost of living is one of the key reasons encouraging Americans, especially retirees, to look beyond the US for a more affordable and fulfilling lifestyle. Higher housing, everyday expenses, and healthcare services are prompting some Americans to consider countries where their income may stretch further. Others are looking for a slower pace of life, greater work-life balance, and access to amenities and activities that support their overall well-being, while achieving a better balance between financial security and quality of life.
4. Dollar Risk Hedging: Several reasons, including slower growth, rising deficits, political uncertainty, and changing global capital flows, are affecting the dollar’s performance. Moreover, the US 2025 real GDP growth forecast fell from 2.8% in 2024 to 1.4% in 2025 and 1.6% in 2026, according to the World Bank report. In response to these dynamics, US investors are looking for second citizenships or residencies to diversify their exposure and hedge against currency risk.
5. Portfolio Diversification: To build a stronger and more balanced portfolio, US investors are considering international diversification to broaden their reach and tap into new growth cycles, income streams, and risk-reduction strategies. They are looking for other countries that provide them with stability and access to large multinational firms to gain exposure to global industries and consistent income.
6. Inflation Protection and Income: US investors are struggling with inflationary pressures. In July 2026, inflation rose 3.4%, the highest in two years. Rising inflation levels, especially above the Fed’s 2% target, could complicate the easing of monetary policy. However, global investments can help manage inflation and generate a steady income.
7. Retirement: Americans who have already accumulated wealth or retirement assets are sometimes choosing to move to their dream countries that combine cultural attractions, established expatriate communities, a slower pace of life, access to high-quality healthcare services, and a warm climate.
8. Investing Through IRAs: Some European Residency programs, such as Portugal, allow Americans to leverage their Individual Retirement Account (IRA) by investing their retirement savings without triggering penalties or tax issues.
9. Tax Benefits: Although Americans are taxed on their worldwide income regardless of where they reside, some countries provide attractive regimes that help them reduce tax burdens. For instance, Italy and Greece provide lump-sum taxation models to simplify and cap taxation of foreign-sourced income while residing in the country.
10. High ROI Potential: Usually, the US economy and the Eurozone economy don’t move in perfect sync and have a different industrial composition. While the US economy focuses on technology, sectors such as tourism, manufacturing, and SMEs thrive in Europe and the Caribbean, giving US investors a reduced systemic risk if the US economy witnesses a recession or crisis. Therefore, US investors can establish a presence in these regions, creating potential for stronger long-term ROI.

Americans Renouncing US Citizenship and Turning to Europe? 

An annual analysis revealed by Citizenship Bay, based on insights collected during 2025, shows an increase in inquiries and applications from US nationals for European residency programs, mainly Portugal, Greece, and Italy. This growing demand was driven by a mix of wealthy investors, retirees, and families attracted by the myriad benefits of these programs, which include access to the Schengen area, promising business opportunities, and a competitive cost of living.

According to the Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin 2025, there is an established American population in Italy, Portugal, and Greece receiving U.S. Social Security benefits. The majority of beneficiaries in these markets are retirees. Below is a detailed table showing the number of beneficiaries in the three countries:

The three countries have emerged as attractive destinations for Americans renouncing US Citizenship and looking to combine lifestyle advantages, investment opportunities, and greater mobility.

Greece currently offers the shorter path to citizenship among the three, mandating 7 years of actual residence along with a language test, proof of income, and a clean criminal record. Portugal requires 10 years of legal residency with minimal residency requirements that do not exceed 7 days annually. Italy’s Golden Visa program also allows applicants to apply for citizenship after 10 years of actual residence.

Portugal offers Americans renouncing US citizenship promising business opportunities, especially in tech and digital innovation sectors, as well as tourism and the food industry, lower cost of living, safety, and a robust and affordable healthcare system. By investing in Portugal’s Golden Visa, US investors can leverage their IRA and invest their retirement savings without triggering penalties or tax issues, unless they withdraw their funds before retirement age. A self-directed IRA account enables Americans to invest beyond traditional stocks and bonds, allowing them to leverage alternative assets, including qualified investment funds, without the need to establish a Limited Liability Company in the US or Portugal.

Italy stands out for its large and diversified economy, with opportunities across manufacturing, tourism, SMEs, and innovative startups, along with its relaxing and peaceful lifestyle and stunning nature.

Greece, on the other hand, is attractive for Americans looking to own a real estate property that appreciates over time, while enjoying a Mediterranean lifestyle with well-established American communities.

Together, these countries can offer Americans more than an alternative place to live, serving as ideal destinations to expand their business exposure in the European market, diversify their asset portfolios, access different economic growth drivers, and easily reach world-class healthcare services. For investors pursuing a long-term Plan B, the three countries are suitable for Americans renouncing US citizenship who are seeking a straightforward path to citizenship.

Read also: How Can European Residency Unlock Tax Benefits for Americans ?

Why Are Americans Renouncing US Citizenship and Buying a Caribbean Citizenship?

The Caribbean Citizenship programs have become an increasingly compelling choice for Americans renouncing US Citizenship. Whether Antigua & Barbuda, Grenada, Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis, or St. Lucia, they all provide a direct route to second citizenship, along with the ability to own real estate property or invest in diverse business opportunities. The minimum investment threshold ($200,000) is considered an accessible entry compared to other countries.

The high cost of living in the US encourages many Americans renouncing US citizenship and pursuing Caribbean citizenship. Retirees, particularly, prefer relocating to nations that provide budget-friendly medical care, affordable housing, and a reduced general cost of living. With their mesmerizing beaches, tropical weather, and luxurious lifestyle, Caribbean countries are an ideal option for retirees to enjoy their golden years.

High healthcare costs are a major reason that pushes Americans renouncing US Citizenship and to seek better and more affordable options in the Caribbean.

A Caribbean passport also simplifies the process of opening an account with European banks, cutting through bureaucratic red tape. This streamlined banking access not only facilitates depositing funds but also enables investors to secure loans and conduct currency transactions with greater ease. For instance, banks in St. Kitts and Nevis provide highly secure accounts for individuals, businesses, and corporations, as the government protects all those who participate in legitimate business transactions. The economic stability in the Caribbean countries helps bank accounts remain protected and stable.

Moreover, Caribbean countries are considered tax havens as they provide low tax rates for individuals and businesses. Residents often pay no taxes on global income, dividends, royalties, and interest. Companies registered in tax havens also benefit from low corporate tax.

The Caribbean’s abundant natural resources and diversified economic sectors, including tourism, agriculture, manufacturing, renewable energy, and financial services, offer dynamic opportunities for growth.

Thanks to its location near major markets in North America and Europe, the region offers excellent connectivity and accessibility, providing businesses with a convenient gateway to international trade, efficient shipping routes, and access to global transportation networks.

Frequently Asked Questions About Americans Renouncing US Citizenship

Why are Americans renouncing US citizenship in 2026?

Americans are considering renouncing US citizenship for several reasons, including securing a Plan B, political and social concerns, the high cost of living, retirement planning, tax considerations, portfolio diversification, inflation protection, and greater global mobility. Some are also seeking opportunities to live, invest, or retire abroad.

How many Americans are renouncing US citizenship in 2026?

In the second quarter of 2026, 3,242 US expatriates were recorded, the highest level since the pandemic in 2020. The number of US expatriates has also increased significantly in recent years, rising from 2,426 in 2021 to 4,892 in 2025.

Why are Americans moving to Europe?

Americans are increasingly considering European countries for their lifestyle, investment opportunities, competitive cost of living, healthcare, business opportunities, and access to the Schengen Area. Portugal, Greece, and Italy are among the European destinations attracting interest from American investors, families, and retirees.

Which European countries are popular with Americans seeking residency?

Portugal, Greece, and Italy are among the European countries attracting Americans seeking residency. Portugal offers opportunities in sectors such as technology, tourism, and food; Italy has a large and diversified economy; and Greece appeals particularly to investors interested in real estate and a Mediterranean lifestyle.

Can Americans get European citizenship through residency?

Yes. The article highlights potential pathways to citizenship through residency in Greece, Portugal, and Italy. Greece offers a path after 7 years of actual residence, subject to additional requirements. Portugal requires 10 years of legal residency, while Italy allows applicants to apply for citizenship after 10 years of actual residence.

Why are Americans choosing Portugal for a Plan B?

Portugal attracts Americans because of its business opportunities, lower cost of living, safety, affordable healthcare, and pathway to citizenship. Portugal’s Golden Visa also has minimal physical-presence requirements, making it attractive to investors who do not want to relocate full time.

Why are Americans interested in Caribbean citizenship?

Caribbean Citizenship by Investment programs provide a direct route to second citizenship and opportunities to invest in real estate or other qualifying options. Americans may also be attracted by the region’s lower cost of living, tropical lifestyle, international connectivity, banking opportunities, and tax environment.

How much does Caribbean citizenship by investment cost?

According to the article, Caribbean Citizenship by Investment programs have a minimum investment threshold starting from $200,000. Programs are available in Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, and St. Lucia.

Is the high cost of living causing Americans to consider living abroad?

Yes. Higher housing costs, everyday expenses, and healthcare costs are among the factors encouraging some Americans, particularly retirees, to consider countries where their income may stretch further while offering a slower pace of life and greater work-life balance.

What alternatives are Americans considering before renouncing US citizenship?

Americans looking for greater international flexibility are considering options such as second citizenship in the Caribbean and European residency programs. These alternatives can provide additional residency or citizenship options, greater global mobility, investment diversification, and a long-term Plan B.

For more information about Caribbean Citizenship and European Residency programs, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/8bf0b62ec6bcb886d97295ad930059e9-0050012025/original/GEP-June-2025.pdf

https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2025/supplement25.pdf

If the investor’s priority is to include dependent adults up to 24 years old, Portugal is the strongest among the three programs, giving it a clear advantage for families with older children seeking residency. If his priority is securing high-quality education and future career opportunities for his children, Portugal offers the advantage of living, working, and studying in the country, while Italy offers world-class higher education, with several of its universities ranked among the top 100 globally. Greece, on the other hand, provides children with educational opportunities that can help prepare them for global career opportunities.

For families seeking a quick path to citizenship, Greece generally requires 7 years of actual residence for naturalization, in addition to integration requirements. Portugal allows applicants to obtain citizenship after 10 years of legal residence with minimal residency requirements, along with other conditions such as cultural and civic knowledge and passing a language test.

Therefore, there is no program better than the other for families, as the right choice depends on their priorities, financial and personal objectives.

Best Golden Visa Programs for Families in 2026 : A Comprehensive Guide

Best Golden Visa Programs for Families: Family Inclusion

Including family members in the main application is considered one of the greatest advantages of the Golden Visa program. Portugal, Italy, and Greece allow investors to include their family members in the same application, rather than applying separately, provided that their children meet the eligibility requirements of the program.

This process is more cost-effective than submitting separate applications in the future, as the family can leverage the single investment structure. Instead of paying the full investment amount for each applicant, families can include children at a relatively low additional cost. A single application also streamlines the journey through one coordinated application and due diligence procedure, reducing the complexity of administrative procedures.

Portugal, Greece, and Italy Golden Visa programs are all family-oriented, but the eligibility rules and family inclusion conditions differ. Below is a detailed table stating the differences between the three programs:

Best Golden Visa for Families With Children

All three programs are suitable for families with children. Portugal is the best golden visa for families who intend to relocate and benefit from the country’s education system, giving it an advantage for families with university-age children. Italy is the best golden Visa for families focused on higher education, with several internationally recognized universities, while Greece offers educational opportunities that help prepare children for the global career market.

All three countries are extremely safe and secure to raise children. They have a well-recognized reputation as peaceful and secure destinations with low crime rates, minimal gun violence, and strong communities. According to the Global Peace Index, Portugal was ranked 7th, Italy 33rd, and Greece 45th.

Moreover, the three countries are renowned for their high quality of life, offering a slower, fulfilling lifestyle free from excessive stress and pressure. They are also known for their breathtaking natural beauty, rich culture and history, and warm climate with average annual temperatures ranging between 12 and 18 degrees Celsius. Portugal, Greece, and Italy are also recognized for their developed digital infrastructure and technology readiness. Together, these factors create a supportive environment for raising children who can thrive and build a fulfilling future.

Best Golden Visa for Families to Include Parents

All three Golden Visa programs allow investors to include their parents, although the eligibility requirements differ slightly. Portugal allows investors to include dependent parents or grandparents of either spouse, once they demonstrate financial dependency.

On the other hand, Greece offers broader flexibility, allowing both parents and parents-in-law of the main applicant and spouse to be included without any age restrictions.

Italy Golden Visa allows parents to be included depending on their family circumstances. Parents of any age may qualify if they don’t have other children in their home country, while parents aged 65 or older are eligible where their other children are unable to support them for documented health reasons.

Best Golden Visa Programs for Families: Cost Comparison

Portugal, Greece, and Italy offer investment options starting at €250,000 depending on the investment category. The key difference is the additional application costs.

It is worth noting that additional fees might apply on your citizenship by investment application once your children become older. For instance, due diligence fees are not applied for children below 16 years, and in some cases for children below 12, but they become required once passing these ages.

Best Golden Visa for Families: Education Opportunities

While Italy leads in higher education, Portugal offers a well-organized and inclusive education system. Greece, as well, is home to a wide network of higher education institutions that maintain academic standards and provide top-notch instruction.

If the investor is looking for the best Golden Visa program for families to raise his young children, Portugal has the edge when it comes to quality, accessibility, and overall range of education services. It offers high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education with diverse options, from international schools to renowned universities, making it family-friendly for foreigners.

If the investor needs to relocate to allow his children to pursue higher education studies, Italy would be a better choice. The country is home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Top Italian universities include Politecnico di Milano, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Bologna, and University of Padua.

Greece is also a good option for children to study and attend universities, as it is home to several universities and technical colleges that provide a wide variety of programs across various subjects. Graduates frequently make important contributions to their fields of study and are well-prepared for their chosen jobs. Greece’s dedication to high standards in higher education ensures that its universities will always be respected at the national and international levels.

Below a table showing the top university in each country and its ranking:

Language also plays an essential role in how quickly foreigners adapt to life in Europe. According to the EF English Proficiency Index:

Best Golden Visa for Families: Healthcare Access

One of the key considerations when relocating to a new country is the ability to access high-quality healthcare services easily. Portugal would be the best Golden Visa program for families looking for healthcare access and high-quality health services, followed by Italy and Greece.

Here is a table showing the ranking of the three countries in terms of healthcare services:

Portugal boasts a hybrid healthcare system that combines high-quality public and private services. Private healthcare in Portugal is notably affordable, especially when compared to other Western European nations, making it an attractive option for residents and expatriates alike.

On the other hand, Italy operates a healthcare system that delivers equal medical care services to all citizens regardless of their financial situation. Recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the best healthcare systems globally, providing excellent medical care and full insurance benefits to its citizens and foreign residents.

Investors holding the Greek Golden Visa can take advantage of an accessible, well-developed healthcare system, with free public services funded by the social insurance institute. However, private hospitals offer faster service while remaining affordable compared to paid facilities in other EU countries.

Best Golden Visa for Families: Residency Requirements 

In terms of residency requirements, Italy and Greece have an advantage over Portugal because they don’t impose any residency requirements, while Portugal requires at least 7 days of residency annually. However, to maintain residency, all three programs mandate maintaining the eligible investment while holding the Golden Visa. Therefore, the best Golden Visa program for families depends on their objectives and whether they need the residency as a plan B or want to relocate.

Read Also: European Residency Returns in 2026: What Investors Should Know

Best Golden Visa for Families: EU Citizenship

For investors seeking a quick path to citizenship, Greece is generally the best Golden Visa program for families because it requires only 7 years of actual residence for naturalization, along with additional integration requirements. However, if the investors want to apply for citizenship without relocating to the host country, Portugal is the ideal option. The country allows Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship after 10 years, with minimal residency requirements that do not exceed 7 days per year. Italy, on the other hand, requires 10 years of actual residence.

It is worth noting that to obtain citizenship, all three programs impose several conditions beyond the residence period. Portugal requires passing a language test (A2 level), along with cultural and civic knowledge, and security and criminal record conditions. Italy also mandates passing a language test (B1 level) along with other conditions such as sufficient income and the absence of criminal convictions. Greece also requires passing a Greek language exam (A2 level), providing evidence of integration such as participation in Greek cultural or social activities, and demonstrating that they have enough income or financial resources to support themselves and their families.

Best Golden Visa for Families: Portugal vs. Greece vs. Italy

Choosing the best Golden Visa program for familied depend on their preferences, objectives, and needs. Below is a comparison table showing the most suitable country for each objective:

How to Choose the Best Golden Visa for Families

The best Golden Visa program for families is the one that matches their priorities, preferences, objectives, and long-term citizenship objective, as well as the children’s age and long-term plans. Whether Italy, Portugal, or Greece, all three can pave your children’s path and give them the best possible start in life. From access to world-class education and international careers to building a global and professional network early, greater mobility, and long-term security, the three programs provide opportunities that last a lifetime.

Frequently Asked Questions about the Best Golden Visa for Families

• Which is the best Golden Visa program for families: Portugal, Italy, or Greece?

There isn’t one program that suits all investors. The best Golden Visa for families depends on the applicants’ priorities, preferences, needs, and objectives, as well as the children’s age and long-term plans. Portugal is suitable for families planning to relocate to live, work, and study. Greece is a better fit for families looking for flexible residency requirements. Italy is the right choice for families interested in pursuing higher education in world-class universities.

• Which Golden Visa program allows the most family members to be included?

All three programs allow a spouse, dependent children, and parents to be included in one single application. However, Portugal allows including children up to the age of 24, Greece up to 21, and Italy up to 18 years.

• Can parents and grandparents be included in a Golden Visa?

Parents can be included in one application under all three programs, but the eligibility rules differ. Greece, for instance, allows including parents of both the main applicant and the spouse. Portugal allows dependent parents who have no other children in their home country.

• Which Golden Visa is best for families with children?

All three countries are suitable for families with children; however, Portugal is attractive for families with older dependent children. While Italy’s rules are more restrictive for adult children, as they are qualified only when their health conditions prevent them from meeting their essential needs. Greece covers dependent children under 21 years.

• What is the cheapest Golden Visa for families in Portugal, Greece, and Italy?

The answer depends on the investment route and family size, as the application and due diligence fees differ from one program to another. The minimum investment threshold starts at €250,000 in the three programs, but the administrative, application, and due diligence fees differ.

• Which Golden Visa requires the least residency in the country?

Greece and Italy are more flexible options than Portugal, as they don’t impose a minimum stay requirement, provided that the investment is maintained.

• Can children attend schools and universities with a Golden Visa?

Yes, all three programs allow children to live and study in the host country. However, families should compare tuition fees, language instruction, and international school availability before choosing the program.

• Which country offers the best route for citizenship?

Greece currently offers the shorter path to citizenship among the three, although the Golden Visa does not grant citizenship automatically and requires 7 years of actual residence along with a language test, proof of income, and a clean criminal record. Portugal is also attractive for investors looking to gain citizenship, as it is provided after 10 years with minimal residency requirements that do not exceed 7 days annually.

• What is the best Golden Visa program that a family can choose?

The best Golden Visa for families depends on their priorities, needs, and long-term objectives. The best program is the one that aligns the investment strategy with the family’s intended lifestyle, children’s age, physical presence ability, and their educational ambitions.

For more information about European Residency programs and the Best Golden Visa for families, please contact us via WhatsApp.

For investors whose priority in 2026 is real estate ownership, low physical presence requirements, and attractive tax benefits, the Greece Golden Visa is generally the stronger choice, while those who prefer investing in funds, companies, research activities, and the right to live and work are better suited to Portugal.

For those seeking a quick path to citizenship, Greece generally requires 7 years of actual residence for naturalization, plus additional integration requirements, while Portugal requires 10 years of legal residence, plus cultural and civic knowledge and passing a language test.

Therefore, there is no program better than the other, as the right choice depends on the investor’s financial and personal objectives, as well as his priorities.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Variances At A Glance

Below is a detailed comparison for Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program is Cheaper?

The minimum investment threshold for Portugal and Greece Golden Visa starts at €250,000; however, the types of investment differ. If the investor is looking for real estate ownership, with a value that appreciates over time, Greece is the best option. According to data provided by the Bank of Greece, apartment prices in nominal terms are estimated to have surged, on average, by 7.6% year-on-year in Q4 of 2025. Gross rental yields reach up to 10—11% per annum in selected regional cities.

If the investor just needs European residency, he can obtain Portugal’s Golden Visa by donating €250,000 for artistic production or the preservation of national cultural heritage. In this case, the capital may function as a cultural contribution rather than an investment designed for capital appreciation.

If the investors want to benefit from a diversified investment portfolio, Portugal offers a €500,000 qualifying investment fund route, which allows them to obtain high potential financial returns ranging between 7 and 20%, depending on the fund and the type of business.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Offers More Investment Flexibility?

Portugal Golden Visa offers a diversified investment portfolio, including private equity and venture capital funds, company creation, and research activities. Greece also offers investment options beyond real estate, including mutual funds and bank deposits. However, investors prefer the real estate option.

On the contrary, Greece is a stronger option for investors seeking real estate ownership, because Portugal has removed real estate ownership from its investment options, and even any fund has direct investment in real estate projects.

For investors who view the Golden Visa as an immigration component of an investment portfolio, rather than as a property purchase, Portugal may be a better natural fit.

Investment options provided by each country:

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program is More Suitable for Families?

If you are comparing Portugal vs Greece Golden Visa for your family, here are the details. Both programs are family-friendly. Portugal’s program allows applicants to include their spouse, dependent children up to 24 years old, and parents, while Greece allows applicants to include their spouse, dependent children up to 21 years old, and parents in a single application and benefit from one qualifying investment. However, for investors looking to relocate with their family to the host country, they have to consider several factors, mainly education and healthcare services, safety, and quality of life.

• Which Program is Better in Terms of Education?

Portugal has the edge when it comes to quality, accessibility, and overall range of education services.

Portugal’s education system is well-organized and inclusive^[3], offering high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education. The country offers diverse options, from international schools to renowned universities, making the country family-friendly for Americans. Well-known institutions include the University of Lisbon, which is known for research in science, technology, and the humanities, and the University of Porto, ranked among the top universities in Portugal and recognized for its excellence in engineering, business, and health sciences.

In Greece, a wide network of higher education institutions that maintain academic standards and provide top-notch instruction can be found. Academic institutions, such as universities and technical colleges, provide a wide variety of programs across various subjects. Graduates frequently make important contributions to their fields of study and are well-prepared for their chosen jobs. Greece’s dedication to high standards in higher education ensures that its universities will always be respected at the national and international levels.

• Which Country Provides Better Healthcare Services?

Portugal is better for investors looking to benefit from these services. It was ranked 24th in the 2026 Health Care Index^[4], while Greece ranked 67th.

Portugal boasts a hybrid healthcare system that combines high-quality public and private services. Private healthcare in Portugal is notably affordable, especially when compared to other Western European nations.

Investors holding the Greek Golden Visa can take advantage of an accessible, well-developed healthcare system where free public services are funded by the social insurance institute. However, private hospitals provide faster services while still being affordable compared to paid facilities in other EU countries.

• Which Country is Safer?

According to the Global Peace Index^[5], Portugal was ranked 7th, and Greece 45th. Portugal’s reputation as a secure and peaceful destination stems from its low crime rates, minimal gun violence, and strict firearm regulations. Greece is also an extremely safe country with one of the lowest crime rates in Europe, and violent crimes are quite rare. According to Numbeo, Greece is safer than France^[6], Sweden, Moldova, and Belarus.

• Which Country Provides a Higher Quality of Life?

Both Portugal and Greece are renowned for breathtaking natural beauty, mesmerizing beaches, rich culture, and history. Portugal is renowned for its relaxed pace of life, friendly locals, and emphasis on work-life balance, with a legal maximum of eight working hours per day. Coastal cities like Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve are particularly popular for their high quality of life, offering a slower, fulfilling lifestyle free from excessive stress and pressure.

Greece is renowned for its stunning natural beauty, with its picturesque islands, crystal-clear waters, and magnificent landscapes. From the iconic Santorini sunsets to the pristine beaches of Crete, the country offers a paradise-like environment that can enhance your quality of life. Here is a detailed comparison between the two countries:

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Offers the Best Path to Citizenship

Greece offers the fastest route to citizenship, as Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after seven years of actual residence in the country. Portugal’s new rules allow Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship after 10 years, but without any need to relocate to Portugal. However, applicants are required to visit the country 7 days annually.

However, to obtain citizenship, Portugal imposes several conditions beyond the residence period, including a language test, cultural and civic knowledge, and security and criminal record conditions. Greece also requires passing a Greek language exam, providing evidence of integration such as participation in Greek cultural or social activities, and demonstrating that they have enough income or financial resources to support themselves and their families.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Requires Less Processing Time?

An investor seeking a faster and more streamlined residency option may find Greece to be a more suitable route. Greece has a clear administrative process for Golden Visa applicants. The estimated time required for Golden Visa procedures is between 50 and 60 days.

On the contrary, Portugal’s Golden Visa application process is managed through AIMA’s ARI portal and requires applicants to complete document submission and biometric procedures. The estimated time required to obtain the visa is between 18 and 24 months.

Read Also: Golden Visa or Second Citizenship : Which Route is Best in 2026?

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Tax Benefits

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa for taxes: Greece has been offering a lump-sum tax regime for individuals moving their tax residence into the country since 2019. Qualified individuals are subject to an annual lump-sum tax of €100,000, in addition to €20,000 for a spouse and each child or parent. Any additional family member who wants to benefit from the lump-sum tax regime, such as children, can be added later through a supplementary application, provided that it is submitted within the 15-year duration of the principal application.

To benefit from this tax regime, investors are required to invest a minimum of €500,000 in Greek assets, including real estate.

This makes Greece more attractive from the tax perspective. Below is a comparison table for the taxes imposed in Portugal and Greece:

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Passport is Stronger?

Obtaining a residency permit from both countries allows investors to enter the Schengen area without a visa. However, to benefit from the country’s strong passport, investors should obtain citizenship. Below is a comparison of passport rankings:

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026:  Which Program is a Better Fit for You?

If the investor’s priority is real estate ownership, minimal physical presence, and tax advantages, he should choose Greece. But if his priority is to live, work, or study in Portugal while benefiting from a diversified investment portfolio and high returns, he should choose Portugal. Moreover, if the investor’s priority is to obtain citizenship without residency requirements, Portugal is an ideal option.

Ultimately, the strongest Golden Visa is the one that matches the investor’s investment strategy, investment preferences, and long-term citizenship objective.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Frequently Asked Questions:

• Is Greece cheaper than Portugal for a Golden Visa in 2026?

The minimum investment threshold for both programs starts at €250,000. However, investing this value in Greece will enable the investor to own a property whose value appreciates over time. While Portugal’s €250,000 option, however, is a donation to an artistic or cultural project.

• Is real estate a qualified investment in both countries?

No, real estate acquisition is only eligible in Greece, as it isn’t a qualifying investment under Portugal’s Golden Visa framework anymore.

• Do I have to live in Portugal and Greece to keep the Golden Visa?

While Greece does not impose a minimum physical presence requirement for maintaining the Golden Visa, Portugal imposes at least 7 days of physical presence during a year.

• Can family members be included in the same application?

Yes, both programs allow applicants to include their spouse, dependent children, and parents in a single application. However, Greece allows including children up to 21 years, and Portugal allows children up to 24 years.

• Does the Golden Visa allow its holders to apply for citizenship?

Yes. Both programs allow Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship. Portugal Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after 10 years, but without any residency requirements imposed, while Greece Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence.

• Does acquiring a Golden Visa automatically make me a tax resident?

No. A Golden Visa holder becomes a tax resident after spending 183 consecutive days during one year in the host country.

• Does the Golden Visa give me the right to live, work, and study in Portugal and Greece?

Portugal’s Golden Visa allows the holder to reside, study, and work in Portugal, while the Greece Golden Visa does not grant access to the Greek labor market.

For more information about the Portugal Golden Visa and the Greece Golden Visa, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://www.clarionledger.com/press-release/story/123661/greeces-regional-property-markets-show-up-to-11-rental-yields-in-2025-passportivity-report-finds/

  https://www.movingto.io/pt/education-system-portugal

https://www.numbeo.com/health-care/rankings_by_country.jsp

https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Global-Peace-Index-2025-web.pdf

https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp?title=2022&region=150

https://tradingeconomics.com/portugal/temperature

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/greece-digital-economy

https://www.pwc.com/gr/en/Tax-Alert-Law-5222_2025_The-investors-tax-residence-regime.pdf

The right investment choice depends on how much investors want to spend in Europe, and whether their priority is residence or business exposure, especially since both countries offer high quality of life, visa-free access to the Schengen area, safety, and eventual citizenship.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: All You Need To Know

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa 2026: At a Glance

Below is a detailed comparison between Portugal Golden Visa and Italy’s Golden Visa:

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa 2026: Which Program is Cheaper?

Both Portugal’s and Italy’s programs start at €250,000, but the nature of the investment varies. For investors who are prioritizing business exposure and looking to grow in the market and gain long-term returns, Italy is a better choice. The average annual return on investment from an Italian company ranges from 3% to 4%.

If they need European residency, they can obtain Portugal’s Golden Visa by donating €250,000 for artistic production or the preservation of national cultural heritage. In this case, the capital may function as a cultural contribution rather than an investment designed for capital appreciation.

For investors who do not want either a cultural contribution or startup exposure, Portugal offers a €500,000 qualifying investment fund route, while Italy offers a €500,000 investment in an Italian limited company.

Investing a minimum of €500,000 in a Portuguese investment fund allows investors to obtain high potential financial returns ranging between 4 and 20%, depending on the fund and the type of business. Investing in these funds is considered safe and secure. For Italian non-financial companies listed on the EXM market, Return on Equity (ROE) rose to 10.9% in 2024, and Return on Assets (ROA) reached 2.6%, highlighting greater efficiency in the use of invested capital.

Portugal Vs Italy golden Visa: Which Program Offers More Investment Flexibility

Portugal’s residency programs offer greater flexibility for investors looking to invest in private equity and venture capital funds, research, or company creation, while Italy offers four strategic investment categories.

Investment options provided by each country:

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa. The best choice depends on the investor’s risk appetite. However, Portugal’s program may be a better fit for investors looking for a wider range of qualifying structures, while Italy can be attractive for those who prefer strategic investment options.

What gives Italy’s program an advantage is that the qualifying investment can be made after the Investor Visa has been approved, whereas Portugal requires the qualifying investment to be completed before submitting the Golden Visa application. This reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which Program is Better for Families

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa. Both programs allow investors to include family members, such as a spouse, dependent children, and parents, in a single application. However, Portugal allows dependent children up to age 24, while Italy allows them up to age 18. For families, the more essential question is which country is better in terms of education, healthcare, safety, and long-term lifestyle.

• Which Program is a Better Fit for Education?

For education, both countries are home to world-class universities. Portugal’s education system is well-organized and inclusive, offering high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education. Well-known institutions include the University of Lisbon, which is known for research in science, technology, and the humanities, and the University of Porto, ranked among the top universities in Portugal and recognized for its excellence in engineering, business, and health sciences.

Italy provides world-class public education that is free, though private schools charge fees. Many schools offer courses in English, especially for expat families. The country is also home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Top Italian universities include Politecnico di Milano, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Bologna, and University of Padua.

In a nutshell, Italy leads in higher education, with Politecnico di Milano becoming the first Italian university to be among the global top 100. Portugal follows with two well-established universities that are recognized for their research output, international collaborations, and English-taught programs.

• Which Program is Better for Healthcare Services?

Regarding healthcare services, Portugal is better for investors looking to benefit from these services. It was ranked 24th in the 2026 Health Care Index, while Italy ranked 46th.

Portugal boasts a hybrid healthcare system that combines high-quality public and private services. Private healthcare in Portugal is notably affordable, especially when compared to other Western European nations.

The Italian government operates a healthcare system that delivers equal medical care services to all citizens regardless of their financial situation. Recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the best healthcare systems globally, providing excellent medical care and full insurance benefits to its citizens and foreign residents. Italy’s healthcare system operates under the Beveridge model, which collects its funding through taxation. People who reside in Italy and pay taxes as income earners receive free access to public healthcare services.

• Which Country is Safer?

In terms of safety and security, Portugal is considered safer than Italy. According to the Global Peace Index^, it was ranked 7th, while Italy was ranked 33rd. Portugal’s reputation as a secure and peaceful destination stems from its low crime rates, minimal gun violence, and strict firearm regulations. In Italy, violent crime rates are low, and communities are strong.

• Which Country Provides a Higher Quality of Life?

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa: Both countries are renowned for breathtaking natural beauty, rich culture, and history. Portugal is renowned for its relaxed pace of life, friendly locals, and emphasis on work-life balance, with a legal maximum of eight working hours per day. Coastal cities like Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve are particularly popular for their high quality of life, offering a slower, fulfilling lifestyle free from excessive stress and pressure.

Italy’s warm climate and stunning scenery on the Mediterranean are among the main reasons why people prefer to live there. The northern Dolomites meet the southern beaches of Sardinia, Apulia, and Sicily to create Italy’s breathtaking landscape. Italy has a long history of regional hospitality and strong family values, which helped boost openness to visitors and newcomers and made it easy for many foreigners to feel integrated.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which Program Offers the Best Path to Citizenship

Both Italy and Portugal’s Golden Visa programs require a 10-year path to obtain citizenship. Portugal has changed its nationality law in 2026, and under the new rules, the ordinary naturalization residence requirement became 7 years for EU and CPLP nationals and 10 years for nationals from other countries. Italy generally requires 10 years of legal residence. This gives Portugal’s program an advantage over Italy, as it requires only 7 days of residence a year, compared to full relocation for Italy.

However, to obtain citizenship, Portugal imposes several conditions beyond the residence period, including a language test, cultural and civic knowledge, and security and criminal record conditions, while Italy requires other conditions such as sufficient income and the absence of criminal convictions.

It is worth noting that the investor must maintain the qualifying investment as long as they are relying on that investment to maintain their residence status. Once they obtain citizenship, they are no longer obliged to maintain the investment.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which Program Requires Less Processing Time

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa: If the investor is looking for a fast-track program, Italy is a better fit because the processing time for obtaining Italy’s residency permit is considered one of the fastest among the countries providing a Golden Visa. It starts with an online application for a Nulla Osta. While it takes up to 6 months to obtain Italy’s Golden Visa, acquiring Portugal’s Golden Visa may take between 18 and 24 months.

It is worth noting that investors should make the qualifying investment in Italy after gaining approval for the Golden Visa, while they are required to complete the qualifying investment in Portugal before submitting the application.

Italy has a particularly clear formal sequence for the Golden Visa, while Portugal’s Golden Visa application process is managed through AIMA’s ARI portal and requires applicants to complete document submission and biometric procedures. The average wait time at AIMA is a major determinant of the wait time for the Golden Visa application, which is subject to frequent fluctuations. Right now, it takes a little more than a year from the time you make your investment to get your Golden Visa residency card. The process starts by registering the application, uploading documentation, paying the applicable analysis fee, and scheduling an appointment for document submission and biometric collection.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Tax Benefits

Whether in Italy or Portugal, taxes will be imposed on tax residents only, not on all investors holding the Golden Visa. Individuals are deemed to be tax residents if they spend more than 183 consecutive days during one year in Portugal or Italy.

Italy can offer a vital tax advantage for investors and high-net-worth individuals with substantial foreign-source income because its lump-sum regime replaces ordinary Italian taxation on eligible foreign-source income with a fixed tax of €300,000 regardless of the amount of that foreign income.

This makes Italy attractive for investors whose international income is sufficiently high. Below is a comparison table for the taxes imposed in Portugal and Italy:

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which Program Should You Choose?

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa ? The best program depends on the investor’s main objective rather than the country with the lowest headline investment. If the investor’s priority is obtaining a residency permit that allows them to enter the Schengen countries at any time without minimal physical presence, Italy is the best choice because it doesn’t impose stay requirements. If he wants to choose a minimum investment threshold and, at the same time, establish a promising business in Europe, Italy is considered the best investment route through an innovative startup.

If the investor is looking for high returns from private equity and venture capital funds, Portugal best suits his objectives. If he is looking to establish a successful company and create job opportunities in a promising market, Portugal is also a suitable option.

If the investor prefers not to commit funds before receiving visa approval, Italy may be a more suitable option, because Portugal mandates completing the qualifying investment in one of the eligible routes before applying for the Golden Visa.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Frequently Asked Questions:

• Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which one is cheaper in 2026?

Both programs have a €250,000 qualifying investment route; however, Portugal’s option requires a donation to an artistic or cultural project, while Italy’s €250,000 option is an investment in an Italian innovative startup that has huge potential to grow and prosper.

• Can I buy a real estate property to obtain Portugal or Italy Golden Visa?

Neither Portugal nor Italy qualifies a real estate property purchase for obtaining a residency permit.

• How many days are investors required to spend to obtain Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa?

Investors are required to stay at least 7 days in Portugal annually. While Italy doesn’t impose any stay requirements as long as the qualifying investment is maintained.

• Can the family members be included in the same application?

Yes. Both programs allow investors to include their family members in the same application. Italy enables the spouse, dependent children up to 18 years, and parents, while Portugal allows the spouse, up to 24, and parents to be included. in the same application. However, the two countries may differ in the educational and healthcare services they offer to the family.

• Can the Golden Visa Provide a Path to Citizenship?

Yes. Both programs allow investment to obtain citizenship after 10 years of legal residency. However, additional conditions are required by each specific country, such as passing a language test, demonstrating cultural knowledge, and having a clean criminal record.

• How much time is required to obtain a Golden Visa?

While the Italy can be obtained within 4 months, the Portugal Golden Visa requires at least 18 months to be obtained.

• Which Program is Better: Portugal or Italy?

The right choice depends ultimately on the investor’s financial objectives, plans, and tax position. Portugal is better for investors looking for high investment returns from profitable investment funds and successful companies, while Italy is suitable for investors seeking lower investment thresholds and, at the same time, growing in the European market by investing in promising innovative startups.

For more information about the Portugal Golden Visa and the Italy Golden Visa, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://www.consob.it/web/area-pubblica/abs-bs/-/asset_publisher/FflGfWyJ5e15/content/bollettino-statistico-n26-emittenti/11973?

https://www.movingto.io/pt/education-system-portugal

https://www.numbeo.com/health-care/rankings_by_country.jsp

https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Global-Peace-Index-2025-web.pdf

https://tradingeconomics.com/portugal/temperature

https://tradingeconomics.com/italy/temperature

 https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/portugal-digital-economy

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/italy-digital-economy

https://titanwealthinternational.com/learn/italy-lump-sum-tax/

In this article, we provide a comprehensive comparison in numbers of the three programs, focusing on key factors such as investment requirements, cost of living, healthcare and educational services, safety, and quality of life to help investors choose the destination that best aligns with their financial and personal objectives.

European Residency for Americans : A Detailed Comparison

Portugal, Italy, and Greece all provide an exceptional quality of life, a pleasant Mediterranean climate, beautiful natural landscapes, and breathtaking coastlines. Given that they are all members of both the Schengen area and the European Union, this means Golden Visa holders can easily travel without a visa to most countries in Europe. However, each country has unique advantages and differences that make it more suitable for US citizens, depending on the investor’s lifestyle preferences, financial objectives, and long-term plans.

European residency for Americans: Cost of Living

Whether Portugal, Italy, or Greece, they are all considered to be affordable countries to live in compared to many other Western European countries. Here is a table showing the differences between the three:

The figures reveal significant differences in affordability and purchasing power. Greece emerges as the most affordable destination for US investors looking to relocate, as it offers the lowest rental prices. Portugal shows a balance between affordability and lifestyle, where the monthly living expenses are the lowest among the three, but the rental market is considered the most expensive. On the other hand, Italy offers the highest earning potential but with a higher cost of living.

European Residency for Americans: Safety

The three European countries are all considered safe, with the lowest crime and violent crime rates in Europe. According to the Global Peace Index^, Portugal was ranked 7th, Italy 33rd, and Greece 45th. They all surpassed the United States, which ranks 128th out of 163 countries. Portugal’s reputation as a secure and peaceful destination stems from its low crime rates, minimal gun violence, and strict firearm regulations. In Italy, violent crime rates are low, and communities are strong. Greece is also an extremely safe country with one of the lowest crime rates in Europe, and violent crimes are quite rare. According to Numbeo, Greece is safer than France, Sweden, Moldova, and Belarus.

European Residency for Americans: Healthcare Services

Portugal stands out in the 2026 Health Care Index, well ahead of the United States, which is ranked 41. The country boasts a hybrid healthcare system that combines high-quality public and private services. Private healthcare in Portugal is notably affordable, especially when compared to other Western European nations, making it an attractive option for residents and expatriates alike.

The Italian government operates a healthcare system that delivers equal medical care services to all citizens regardless of their financial situation. Recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the best healthcare systems globally, providing excellent medical care and full insurance benefits to its citizens and foreign residents. Italy’s healthcare system operates under the Beveridge model, which collects its funding through taxation. People who reside in Italy and pay taxes as income earners receive free access to public healthcare services.

Investors holding the Greek Golden Visa can take advantage of an accessible, well-developed healthcare system where free public services are funded by the social insurance institute. However, private hospitals provide faster services while still being affordable compared to paid facilities in other EU countries.

Here is a table showing the ranking of the three countries in terms of healthcare services:

European Residency for Americans: Language

Language plays an essential role in how quickly US citizens adapt to life in Europe. According to the EF English Proficiency Index:

The figures show that Portugal offers the smoothest transition for English speakers, followed by Greece, while Italy presents the greatest language challenge among the three. For US investors, speaking English makes their everyday tasks such as opening a bank account, visiting doctors, or communicating with local authorities easier.

European Residency for Americans: World-class Education

All three countries are home to top-notch universities. Below a table showing the top university in each country, and its ranking:

Portugal’s education system is well-organized and inclusive, offering high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education. The country offers diverse options, from international schools to renowned universities, making the country family-friendly for Americans.

Well-known institutions include the University of Lisbon, which is known for research in science, technology, and the humanities, and the University of Porto, ranked among the top universities in Portugal and recognized for its excellence in engineering, business, and health sciences. NOVA University Lisbon offers strong academic programs in fields like business, law, and medical sciences. The University of Coimbra is renowned for its historical campus and scholarly disciplines in law, medicine, and humanities.

In Greece, a wide network of higher education institutions that maintain academic standards and provide top-notch instruction can be found. Academic institutions, such as universities and technical colleges, provide a wide variety of programs across various subjects. Graduates frequently make important contributions to their fields of study and are well-prepared for their chosen jobs. Greece’s dedication to high standards in higher education ensures that its universities will always be respected at the national and international levels.

Italy provides world-class educational services, which are free and public, although they can be paid for in private schools. Many schools offer courses in English, especially for expat families. The country is also home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Top Italian Universities include Politecnico di Milano, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Bologna, and University of Padua.

In a nutshell, Italy leads in higher education among the three countries, with Politecnico di Milano becoming the first Italian university which is among the global top 100. Portugal follows with two well-established universities that are recognized for their research output, international collaborations, and English-taught programs. Greece’s leading universities also maintain a solid academic reputation.

European Residency for Americans: High Quality of Life

Portugal, Italy, and Greece are all renowned for their breathtaking natural beauty and rich culture and history. Portugal is renowned for its relaxed pace of life, friendly locals, and emphasis on work-life balance, with a legal maximum of eight working hours per day. Coastal cities like Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve are particularly popular among Americans for their high quality of life, offering a slower, fulfilling lifestyle free from excessive stress and pressure.

Italy’s warm climate and stunning scenery on the Mediterranean are among the main reasons why people prefer to live there. The northern Dolomites meet the southern beaches of Sardinia, Apulia, and Sicily to create Italy’s breathtaking landscape. Italy has a long history of regional hospitality and strong family values, which helped boost an openness to visitors and newcomers, and made it easy for many foreigners to feel integrated.

Greece is renowned for its stunning natural beauty, with its picturesque islands, crystal-clear waters, and magnificent landscapes. From the iconic Santorini sunsets to the pristine beaches of Crete, the country offers a paradise-like environment that can enhance your quality of life. Here is a detailed comparison between the three countries:

European Residency for Americans: Strong Community

The three countries are home to a wide American community, creating a support system that makes integration and forming social connections easier. Therefore, newcomers can feel at home and at the same time enjoy the culturally rich environment.

The number of US citizens living in Portugal has surged more than sevenfold since 2017, according to the Agency for Integrations, Migration, and Asylum (AIMA), rising from around 14,813 in 2023 to a total of 20,959 Americans in 2024.

As of 2025, it is estimated that there are 17,650 Americans officially residing in Italy, according to the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica – Italia (ISTAT), a 6.7% increase from the number reported in 2024. Estimates show that around 30,000 US expats are now living in Greece. Based on U.S. Federal Register statistics, 1,285 U.S. citizens expatriated in the first quarter of 2025, which is more than double the number recorded in the last quarter of 2024.

Below is a table showing the number of Americans benefiting from Social Security:

European Residency for Americans: Strong Passports 

Obtaining a Golden Visa from Portugal, Italy, or Greece offers its holders a visa free entry to most European countries, however obtaining its citizenship offers visa-free access to more than 180 destinations. Below is a comparison for passport ranking:

Good Connectivity to the US

Staying connected to family, friends, or business is often a key consideration for US citizens. Portugal, Italy, and Greece all offer good air connectivity to the US with direct flights to major American states, making travel easy and convenient.

European Residency for Americans: Golden Visa Programs

The three Golden Visa programs provide a clear path to European residency and citizenship through strategic investments. The flexibility of residency requirements, tax benefits, and possibility of visa-free travel within the Schengen area are all factors that make it appealing to US citizens and their family members. Below is a comparison table between the 3 programs:

European Residency for Americans: Tax Incentives

Although US citizens remain subject to US taxation regardless of residence, tax treaties and tax lump sum programs provided by countries such as Italy and Greece may reduce double taxation. Below is a detailed comparison:

In conclusion, there is no single best European residency for Americans, as the best option depends on the investors’ priorities. Italy is appealing for investors and entrepreneurs looking for the lowest entry threshold, attractive tax incentives, and world class high education, while Portugal stands out for its overall lifestyle, combining excellent healthcare, safety, English proficiency, and minimal residency requirements. Greece is attractive for investors seeking an affordable real estate market and a fast path to citizenship.

Therefore, by assessing your investment goals, family needs, long-term plans, and lifestyle preferences, investors can choose the most suitable option that provides the greatest value and supports their future vision.

FAQs

Which is the best European Residency for Americans?

There is no single best program. Portugal is often considered for its lifestyle and long-term flexibility, Greece for real estate and affordability, and Italy for Retirement and lifestyle. Your best option depends on your investment preferences and long-term plans.

Can Americans get a Golden Visa in Europe?

Yes. US citizens can qualify for European residency-by-investment programs such as those available in Portugal, Greece, and Italy, provided they meet the relevant eligibility and investment requirements.

Do I have to live in Europe if I get a Golden Visa?

Not necessarily. Portugal requires limited physical presence, while the article states that Greece and Italy do not impose a minimum stay to maintain the Golden Visa. Requirements change if your goal is eventually citizenship.

Can I get European citizenship through a Golden Visa?

A Golden Visa can provide a pathway toward citizenship, but citizenship is not automatic. You must meet the individual country’s naturalization requirements, including applicable residence and language requirements.

Which Golden Visa lets me invest in real estate?

Of the three programs compared in your article, Greece offers a qualifying real estate route, with eligible properties starting from €250,000 in selected areas.

Can I travel across Europe with a Golden Visa?

Golden Visa holders can generally travel within the Schengen Area without obtaining separate visas for each participating country, subject to Schengen travel rules.

Will I have to pay taxes in Europe if I get a Golden Visa?

Simply obtaining a Golden Visa does not necessarily mean becoming a tax resident. Tax residency generally depends on factors such as where you live and how much time you spend in the country. US citizens also remain subject to US tax obligations.

Can I include my family in my Golden Visa application?
Yes. Portugal, Italy, and Greece allow eligible family members to be included in or join the main applicant’s residency application. The exact family members who qualify, such as a spouse, children, or dependent parents, vary by country and are subject to each program’s requirements.

For more information about a European Residency for Americans and the requirements, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/rankings_by_country.jsp?title=2026&region=150

https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Portugal

https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Italy

https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Greece

https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=United+States

https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Global-Peace-Index-2025-web.pdf

https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp?title=2022&region=150

https://www.numbeo.com/health-care/rankings_by_country.jsp

https://www.ef.com/assetscdn/WIBIwq6RdJvcD9bc8RMd/cefcom-epi-site/reports/2025/ef-epi-2025-english.pdf

Several European countries that offer Residency-by-Investment programs, such as Greece, Italy, and Portugal, offer attractive tax models that allow affluents to manage their international income more efficiently while enjoying the stability, mobility, and lifestyle benefits Europe offers.

Double taxation treaties between the US and European countries make cross-border retirement planning effective and help investors avoid being taxed twice on the same income.

Tax Benefits For Americans

Tax Planning Considerations

Most tax regimes, including the US, operate on the principle of “the more you earn, the more you pay taxes”. For HNWI, this means that part of their income goes to the government each year. US investors looking to diversify their investment portfolio in Europe can take advantage of the tax regimes available in countries such as Italy and Greece, which adopt the lump-sum taxation model, also known as flat-rate taxation, where they pay a fixed annual tax regardless of how much they earn.

Americans living outside the US often owe taxes to both the US and the country where they live and work. This is because the US taxes its citizens on worldwide income regardless of where they reside, while other countries tax individuals who live within their borders. However, the Federal Law provides several tools, such as the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion, the Foreign Tax Credit, and bilateral treaties to eliminate the tax bill.

Before applying to any program, applicants should work with qualified agents in their target destination, because some tax models can deliver essential savings for the right profile, whereas a wrong choice can be expensive.

Lump Sum Taxation Model

Two European countries that offer residency by investment programs also provide tax benefits for Americans through lump-sum taxation models: Italy and Greece. The right choice depends on the investor’s wealth level, income sources, and lifestyle preferences.

Italy: €300,000 Flat Tax

Italy’s lump sum tax regime, also named “new resident” regime, is considered on of the main tax benefits for Americans and it allows investors to simplify and cap taxation of foreign-sourced income while residing in Italy. This model covers dividends, interest, pension, rental income, and foreign assets for inheritance purposes. Participants gain exemption from Italian wealth taxes on foreign real estate and financial assets held abroad. Italy originally set the flat tax at €100,000 annually, but in August 2024, it doubled the rate to €200,000. Then, with the approval of the 2026 Budget Law, it raised the rate again to €300,000. The program is available for up to 15 years.

To benefit from this tax model, applicants must have been non-tax residents in Italy for at least nine of the previous ten years and become Italian tax residents. The regime applies only to foreign income, while Italian-sourced income remains subject to ordinary taxation, including regional and municipal taxes. Income earned in Italy faces standard progressive rates up to 43%.

Family members can also benefit from this tax regime. The flat tax for qualifying relatives is €50,000 per person. If individuals transferred their tax residence before a rate hike took effect, they continue paying the rate in force at the time of their relocation for the full 15-year duration of the program.

The Italian flat tax makes financial sense for US citizens earning more than €1 million per year from abroad.

Read also: Italy Golden Visa for Americans : 10 Reasons It’s Becoming a Top Choice

Greece: Attractive Option for Investors

Greece has been offering a lump-sum tax regime for individuals moving their tax residence into the country since 2019. Qualified individuals are subject to an annual lump sum tax of €100,000, in addition to €20,000 for spouse and each child or parent. Any additional family member who wants to benefit from the lump-sum tax regime, such as children, can be added later through a supplementary application, provided that it is submitted within the 15-year duration of the principal application.

While this is considered one of the main tax benefits for Americans, investors are required to invest a minimum of €500,000 in Greek assets, including real estate, businesses, or shares of Greek companies to benefit from this tax regime. They must not have been a Greek tax resident for 7 of the 8 years before relocation. They must transfer their tax residence from a country with a tax treaty or administrative cooperation agreement with Greece. Beneficiaries will enjoy full exemption from the Greek gift and inheritance tax on foreign-located assets gifted or inherited by the Investor.

Read also Americans Appetite for Portugal Golden Visa Soars 60% in 2025

Tax Benefits For Americans: Double Taxation Treaties

Tax treaties are formal agreements signed between two countries to address the taxation of income earned across borders. They help prevent income from being taxed twice, support stronger economic relationships, and can offer important tax benefits for Americans with cross-border income or residency plans. The US has signed double taxation treaties with several European countries:

Portugal

The US-Portugal Tax treaty, known as the “Convention between the United States of America and the Portuguese Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income”, officially entered into force in 1995. It established the rules for taxing different types of income and determining which country has primary taxing rights.

Under the agreement, dividends are subject to a 15% withholding tax, reduced to 5% for qualifying corporate shareholders. Interest and royalties are taxed at 10%, with exemptions available for certain government entities and long-term bank loans. Pensions are generally taxable only in the recipient’s country of residence. To avoid taxation, the US applies foreign tax credits, while Portugal may use both credit and exemption methods. Taxpayers must claim treaty benefits and file an IRS form when required.

Greece

The US signed a bilateral income tax treaty with Greece in 1950 to prevent double taxation and reduce fiscal barriers for individuals and businesses operating between the two countries. Under the treaty, taxpayers may benefit from reduced withholding tax rates on cross-border income and foreign tax credits to offset taxes paid in the other country. The US-Greece treaty contains a saving clause, which means US citizens remain subject to US taxation on worldwide income while residing in Greece, but the treaty provisions and foreign tax credits can mitigate overall tax burdens.

Italy

The bilateral income tax treaty between the US and Italy was signed in 1999 and entered into force in 2009, aiming to prevent the same income from being taxed twice and to facilitate cross-border investment and economic activity. Under this treaty, several forms of income may benefit from reduced withholding tax rates. Dividends are capped at 15% with a reduced 5% rate for qualifying corporate shareholders. Interests may be taxed at a minimum of 10% or exempt in certain cases. Royalties may benefit from reduced rates ranging from 0 to 8%, depending on the type of intellectual property. The treaty also protects against double taxation for residents of both countries.

Therefore, US citizens obtaining residency in these selected European countries can take advantage of tax treaties to prevent double taxation and optimize international wealth planning.

How US Citizens Benefit from Foreign Earned Income Exclusion?

The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE) applies only to earned income such as salaries, wages, and self-employment income, not to passive income like dividends or capital gains. It allows US citizens living abroad to exclude up to $132,000 of foreign-earned income from US taxes. To qualify, individuals must live abroad for at least 330 days within 12 months or prove they are bona fide residents of another country for a full tax year.  The exclusion is claimed using IRS Form 255, but self-employed individuals must pay the US self-employment tax, even if their income is excluded under the FEIE.

Foreign Tax Credit

The Foreign Tax Credit helps US citizens avoid double taxation by reducing their tax bill for taxes already paid to a foreign country. Unlike FEIE, the FTC applies to both earned and passive income, including wages, dividends, interest, and rental income. Taxpayers claim the credit using IRS Form 1116 and must separate income into categories such as passive or general income. If foreign taxes paid are higher than the US tax liability, the excess credit can be carried forward for up to 10 years.

For instance, Portugal taxes a US citizen classified as a Portuguese tax resident on the worldwide income, and the US taxes him on his worldwide income. But by applying for FEIE, US citizens can avoid double taxation, and they end up paying the higher of the two systems, not both.

The US uses the credit method to prevent double taxation. For instance, if a US resident pays taxes to Portugal on income sources there, the US allows a credit against its domestic tax liability for the taxes paid to Portugal. This credit mechanism helps offset the US tax due on the foreign-sourced income. Portugal may also use the FTC and FEIE  methods to relieve double taxation. The treaty’s purpose is not to eliminate all taxes, but to ensure that the same income is not subjected to taxation by both countries.

US citizens can use the FEIE and FTX in the same year, but not on the same income. If the applicant excludes up to $132,900 of earned income, he cannot also claim a tax credit on the foreign taxes paid for that excluded amount. They can use the FTC for income not covered by the exclusion, such as income above the limit, dividends, or rental income. If the applicant claims an income credit that was excluded, the IRS may treat it as revoked, and he will not be able to use it again for five years. Therefore, FEIF and FTC can be combined, but they must be separated by income type carefully to avoid penalties.

For more information about European Residency programs that offers tax benefits for Americans, eligibility criteria, and requirements, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://titanwealthinternational.com/learn/italy-lump-sum-tax/

 https://www.pwc.com/gr/en/Tax-Alert-Law-5222_2025_The-investors-tax-residence-regime.pdf

https://legalclarity.org/does-portugal-have-a-tax-treaty-with-the-us/?

 https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-trty/greece.pdf

https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/tg454?

https://legalclarity.org/do-expats-pay-taxes-in-both-countries-how-to-avoid-it/?