The initiative follows a series of legal and administrative measures introduced since 2025 to establish an investment-based route to Argentine citizenship by Investment. However, the underlying legal framework has also been subject to judicial challenge, an important consideration for prospective applicants.

Argentina Citizenship by Investment: What Has Been Announced?

On October 2, 2026, Argentina’s government announced that the Citizenship by Investment Program is intended to become operational during the fourth quarter of 2026.

According to the official announcement, the program proposes two routes for a principal applicant:

• A US$350,000 direct, non-refundable contribution to Argentina’s National Treasury; or
• Subscription to a US$800,000 public bond designed specifically for the citizenship program.

These amounts were announced by the Argentine government on October 2. They should therefore be understood as the officially announced program terms, while further implementing regulations and operational details may still be issued.

Legal Framework for Argentina Citizenship by Investment

The legal framework for investment-based citizenship originated with Decree of Necessity and Urgency (DNU) 366/2025, published in Argentina’s Official Gazette on May 29, 2025.

The decree amended Citizenship Law No. 346 and introduced a provision allowing foreign nationals who have made a “relevant investment” in Argentina to seek naturalization regardless of the length of their residence in the country. It also empowered the Ministry of Economy to determine which investments could qualify as relevant.

DNU 366/2025 also created the Agency for Citizenship by Investment Programs under the Ministry of Economy, giving it responsibility for designing, managing and evaluating investment-citizenship initiatives.

A subsequent measure, Decree 524/2025, published on July 31, 2025, established a procedure for assessing citizenship-by-investment applications. Under that framework, the Agency evaluates the investment and obtains information from relevant state authorities before issuing a recommendation.

Argentina Citizenship by Investment and Due Diligence Requirements

The government has indicated that applicants will undergo a comprehensive due diligence process.

According to the October 2 official announcement, reviews are expected to include:

• Identity verification
• Assessment of the source and legality of funds
• Financial and asset analysis
• Jurisdictional risk assessment
• Criminal background checks
• Reputational checks
• Review of immigration history

The government also stated that the program will incorporate standards relating to financial transparency, risk management and due diligence aligned with recommendations from the OECD and Financial Action Task Force (FATF/GAFI).

Decree 524/2025 provides for the involvement of several Argentine authorities in the assessment process, including the Financial Information Unit (UIF), National Criminal Records Registry, RENAPER, national security authorities and the State Intelligence Secretariat (SIDE).

Argentina Citizenship by Investment for Spouses and Children

The October 2026 government announcement also provides for qualifying family members to apply.

According to the announced structure:

• A spouse may apply with an additional US$100,000 contribution.
• Children aged 18 to 25 may apply through a US$100,000 contribution if they are unmarried and do not have children.
• Children under 18 may apply through a US$25,000 contribution.

The government gave the example of a family consisting of the principal applicant, spouse and two children under 18, which would require total contributions of US$500,000 under the announced contribution route.

Frequently Asked Questions About Argentina Citizenship by Investment

What is Argentina citizenship by investment?

Argentina has announced an investment-based citizenship program under which qualifying foreign applicants would be able to seek Argentine citizenship through an approved financial contribution or investment, subject to eligibility and due diligence requirements.

How much will Argentina citizenship by investment cost?

According to the Argentine government’s October 2, 2026 announcement, the principal applicant will have two options: a US$350,000 non-refundable Treasury contribution or subscription to a US$800,000 public bond created specifically for the program.

When will applications for Argentina citizenship by investment open?

The Argentine government has stated that the program is expected to become operational and begin receiving applications during the fourth quarter of 2026.

Can family members be included in an Argentina citizenship application?

Under the terms announced by the government on October 2, spouses and qualifying children may also apply. The announced additional contribution is US$100,000 for a spouse or qualifying child aged 18–25 and US$25,000 for a child under 18.

Is the Argentina citizenship by investment program already accepting applications?

The government announced on October 2, 2026 that it expects the program to receive applications during the fourth quarter of 2026. The announcement should not be interpreted as confirmation that applications were already open on October 2.

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Official Argentina Citizenship by Investment announcement

https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-524-2025-415710/texto?

Choosing where to live is often about making the pension income stretch further without compromising the quality of life. Beyond affordable houses and daily expenses such as groceries, utilities, and transportation, retirees consider the cost of healthcare services, as well as leisure and entertainment activities.

A destination that provides a manageable cost of retiring in Europe can allow retirees to allocate more of their income for dining out, cultural experiences, travel, and social activities. Therefore, the balance between monthly expenses, healthcare costs, and lifestyle opportunities can play an important role in deciding which Golden Visa to obtain.

Cost of Retiring in Europe: Start by Choosing the Right Destination

Greece

According to the 35^th Annual Global Retirement Index 2026, Greece was placed at the top of the list with an overall score of 90.1. This ranking is attributed to Greece’s policies that protect its expat incentives, Mediterranean climate, slower pace of life, community, and connection with nature, making it the premier target for global retirees seeking both sun and savings.

Portugal

Portugal was ranked in 4^th place, with an overall score of 87.4. This is due to Portugal’s fresh and affordable food, universal healthcare, and a broad range of lifestyles from Lisbon and Porto to the Algarve, Madeira and the Azores. Portugal offers the lowest cost of living in Western Europe, as retirees from North America, for instance, can expect to spend one-third to one-half less than they do in their home countries. Healthcare in Portugal is ranked 12^th by the World Health Organization.

Italy

Italy was ranked in 6^th place, with an overall score of 85.3. This ranking is attributed to Italy’s geographical diversity, from Sicily and the Mediterranean coastline to northern mountain regions, as well as its food, culture, and historic cities. With its rich culture, world-class cuisine, and relatively affordable living costs outside major cities, Italy provides an enviable lifestyle for retirees looking to embrace the charm of Europe.

Cost of Retiring in Europe in a Nutshell

The monthly cost of retiring in Europe depends heavily on the city chosen in each country and the lifestyle. Below is the average monthly cost of living in Portugal, Greece, and Italy, according to Numbeo:

Based on the figures above, Greece would be one of the best options in terms of cost of retiring in Europe, for both everyday expenses and accommodation.  A single person spends an average of €1,300 in Greece, €1,600 in Italy, and €1,620 in Portugal if they choose to live in the city center. Expenses may drop if they choose to live in calm and peaceful areas outside the city center.

Housing Cost of Retiring in Europe

Housing cost of retiring in Europe may vary depending on the type and size of the apartment and its location.

Greece

In Greece, the housing cost in urban centers like Athens and Thessaloniki has risen noticeably in recent years, driven by the growth of short-term rentals, steady tourism, and foreign investment. A one-bedroom apartment in a desirable area of central Athens now ranges from €800 to €1,000 per month, while Thessaloniki remains more affordable, between €600 and €1,000. In sought-after islands such as Santorini and Mykonos, prices surge further.

It is also worth highlighting that investors who choose the Greece Golden Visa through real estate investment may be able to use the property as their own residence, helping them avoid rental expenses while benefiting from an asset they already own.

Portugal

In Portugal,  Lisbon is the most expensive area. An independent flat that includes one bedroom in the capital region has a median price of €1,354 per month. It is followed by the island of Madeira at €1,295, Faro at €1,171, Porto at €983, Setúbal at €981, and São Miguel island in the Azores at €979 per month. At the other end of the scale, the cheapest one-bedroom flats are found in the districts of Guarda at €456 per month, Castelo Branco at €527 per month, and Bragança at €529 per month.

Italy

In Italy, Milan is the most expensive major city for renters, with a two-room flat costing an average of €1,128 a month. Rome had the second-highest average monthly rent among the cities cited, at €949 for a two-room flat. Florence followed at €879, while Bologna averaged €828.

Cost of Retiring in Europe: Daily Expenses

The cost of retiring in Europe includes everyday expenses that people spend on groceries, transportation, and utilities.

Greece

These expenses remain manageable in Greece, as utilities for an 85-square-meter apartment, including electricity, water, and heating, cost around €190 per month, with internet services adding another €30. Food costs vary depending on lifestyle, but a single person can expect to spend between €300 and €450 on groceries. Dining out remains accessible compared to other European countries, with a meal at a mid-range restaurant costing around €30 for a single person. Transportation is also affordable, with a monthly public transport pass costing around €30. Greece rewards its retirees in small but meaningful ways. Citizens and long-term residents over 65 receive 20–25% discounts on transport, museums, and more.

Portugal

Portugal also offers manageable day-to-day living costs, especially for retirees who choose smaller cities or live outside major urban centers. Basic utilities for a small apartment cost around €120 per month, and broadband internet costs €35. The cost of groceries in Portugal is cheaper than in Italy and Greece, with an average cost ranging between €200 and €300. Dining out in a mid-range restaurant costs around €20. Transportation is accessible and affordable, with a monthly public transport pass costing around €40. Long-distance trains called comboios crisscross from one end of Portugal to the other and offer reliable and inexpensive transport.

Italy

Daily expenses in Italy are considered higher than in Portugal and Greece. Utilities cost around €200 per month, and internet services cost €30. Estimated spending on groceries ranges between €350 and €450. Dining out in a mid-range restaurant costs around €35. Transportation is affordable, with a monthly public transport pass costing around €40. Here is a table showing the prices of some selected items in the three countries:

Healthcare Cost of Retiring in Europe

Healthcare costs play a major role in shaping the overall financial picture for the cost or retiring in Europe.

Greece

In Greece, healthcare is accessible through the public system, although expats opt for private insurance for added convenience and faster services. The cost of private healthcare insurance varies according to age and coverage. According to the Annual Global Retirement Index, Healthcare in Greece is both modern and inexpensive. Many doctors speak English, often US- or UK trained. A retiree over 70 might pay about $1,200 a year for private insurance.

Portugal

In Portugal, retirees can enroll in both public and private healthcare systems. Private insurance costs around €150 a month. They can also register with the public system, which provides universal healthcare that’s free or very low cost for most services. However, waiting times can be long in either, because doctors give patients plenty of time. Most of the doctors speak English, and the quality of care is outstanding.

Italy

Italy ranks in the 2nd place on the World Health Organization’s list, which makes it appealing for people considering retirement in Italy. It offers qualifying foreign retirees access to a comprehensive public healthcare system, under the applicable rules, and a well-established private healthcare system. Italy’s Ministry of Health confirms that certain foreign residents can voluntarily register by paying an annual contribution. Many essential services are publicly covered, but patients may pay a ticket for certain specialist consultations, diagnostic tests, and non-emergency services. Foreign retirees may require private health insurance that can cost approximately between  €1,200 and  €1,500 per person annually, depending on age and coverage.

Tax Incentives

Greece

A Key driver behind Greece’s appeal for retirees is its highly competitive tax policy. According to Greece’s rules, retirees[11] who transfer their legal tax residency to Greece qualify for a flat 7% tax on foreign retirement income, including Social Security, pensions, and IRAs, for up to 15 years. While this doesn’t eliminate US taxes, a tax treaty between Greece and the US prevents double taxation. So the 7% tax paid in Greece reduces the US tax liability dollar for dollar.

Italy

Italian tax residents are generally taxed on their worldwide income, including pension income. However, eligible foreign pensioners  who move to qualifying small municipalities in Southern Italy can opt to pay a 7% substitute tax on foreign-source income for each year. But the 7% rate applies for the periods covered by the option, rather than indefinitely. A retiree choosing Rome, Milan, Florence, Tuscany, or most other northern locations cannot use this specific 7% pensioner regime. Property ownership, rental income, investments and other assets can trigger additional taxes.

Portugal

In Portugal, the pension of a tax resident is subject to the applicable IRS rules. The tax depends on the pension amount, type of pension, source country, and applicable double tax treaty.

Monthly Cost of Retiring in Europe

Italy

Here is a monthly budget sample for a single person living in Rieti, Italy:

Portugal

Monthly Budget Sample for a Single Retiree living near but outside of a major city like Lisbon or Porto in Portugal[14]:

Greece

Monthly Budget Sample for a Single Retiree living in Greece[15]:

Conclusion

For investors seeking a manageable cost of retiring in Europe, Greece, Portugal, and Italy can all offer a relatively comfortable and affordable lifestyle, but the amount of money needed varies by location and lifestyle. Based on the figures above, Greece generally offers lower housing costs, while Portugal provides the lowest cost for groceries in Western Europe, since the produce is grown locally. Italy can be 30% lower than the cost of living in the US, for instance, especially when it comes to healthcare services.

For more information about the European Residency by Investment programs, please contact us vis WhatsApp.

In Portugal, investors who choose to apply for permanent residency after 5 years may be able to sell or liquidate their investment depending on the maturity date of the investment fund.

In Greece, the approach may take a different path due to the type of investment, which is mainly property ownership. However, investors need to maintain their qualifying investment as long as they want to renew their Golden Visa. If they decide to pursue long-term residency or citizenship, they can liquidate the investment, but different naturalization requirements apply.

In Italy, investors must maintain their qualifying investment as long as they are holding the visa. Selling the investment before this point can affect the validity or renewal of the Golden Visa permit. But they can apply for an EU long-term residence permit after 5 years, and for citizenship after 10 years of continuous residence in the country, typically more than six months per year, and evidence of integration into Italian life.

In Latvia, which has recently reshaped its residency by investment framework by removing the real estate investment and bank deposit routes, the Golden Visa exit strategy depends on the qualifying investment. Investors are required to maintain their qualifying investment to keep their Golden Visa permit. However, after 5 years, they can apply for permanent residency, proving basic Latvian language proficiency. They can sell or liquidate the investment only after securing permanent residency or deciding to abandon the Latvian residency. After 10 years of continuous legal residence, investors can apply for citizenship, provided that they fulfill specific conditions.

Cyprus Golden Visa investors should maintain their real estate investment while relying on the investor residence permit, and there is no Golden Visa exit strategy, which means they cannot liquidate their investment without losing their residency permit. However, they can apply for citizenship after 7 years of continuous legal residence.

Golden Visa Exit Strategy: Key Concepts to Understand

Golden Visa Investment Holding Periods: What Do They Actually Mean?

Whether in Portugal, Italy, or Latvia, the Golden Visa is provided to qualified investors for 2 years and can be renewed indefinitely past the initial 5-year mark as long as the investor maintains the qualifying investment. But after 5 years, investors may qualify to apply for permanent residency. On the contrary, the Greece Golden Visa has an initial 5 year validity, which can be renewed as long as you maintain the investment.  Below is an explanation of the related terms:

Visa validity: It shows how long the residence permit remains valid before it must be renewed. The Portugal, Latvia, Italy, and Cyprus Golden Visas are initially valid for two years and can be renewed for another three years. Greece Golden Visa is valid for 5 years.

Minimum investment holding period: It means the minimum length of time the qualifying investment must be maintained to meet the Golden Visa Program’s investment requirement. For example, the Greece Golden Visa program requires the investor to maintain the investment as long as he is holding the Golden Visa. In Portugal, the investor is required to commit to the five-year minimum investment period.

Investment/Fund maturity: It is the legal term of the investment itself, stating the period for which the underlying investment is required to be invested. Once the investment reaches maturity, the investor may be able to receive returns or redeem the investment, depending on the fund’s terms and Golden Visa rules. For instance, Portugal mandates qualifying investment funds to have a minimum five-year maturity at the time of investment. In Italy, Lativa, and Cyprus the investment must be held as long as the investor wants to keep his residency status.  In Greece, the property must remain owned and possessed by the investor to renew the Golden Visa.

Permanent residency eligibility: This is the phase where the investor becomes eligible to apply for permanent residency. However, this step does not happen automatically when the 5 years of holding the Golden Visa pass; applicants must meet the requirements to apply for permanent residence.

Citizenship eligibility: This is the phase where the investor can apply for citizenship after meeting the country’s naturalization requirements, such as passing a language test, showing cultural integration, and qualifying for residence. A Golden Visa or permanent residency does not automatically grant citizenship. While Portugal allows investors to apply for a visa after 10 years of legal residence, with a minimum stay requirement of 7 days per year, Greece and Cyprus enable them to apply after 7 years of actual residence, while Italy and Latvia allow them to apply after ten years of continuous residence, provided that they meet all the required conditions such as language proficiency and cultural knowledge.

Understanding Your Golden Visa Exit Strategy: Can You Sell the Investment After 5 Years

The answer depends on the program and the investor’s objective, as completing five years does not automatically mean the investment can be sold. The major question in this case is not whether 5 years have passed, but what the investor wants to do next: continue holding the Golden Visa, pursue permanent residence and then apply for citizenship, or exit the investment.

In Portugal, investors can exit the fund, liquidate, or redeem their investment after obtaining the permanent residency permit. If their qualifying investment is the fund, they have to consider its maturity date.

In Greece, after 5 years of holding a Golden Visa, an investor can acquire permanent residency, or long-term residency, provided that he meets the requirements such as five years of legal and continuous residence, sufficient income, and integration requirements. Applicants should not spend more than 6 months outside Greece at once and more than 10 months overall. They can sell their investment after obtaining EU long-term resident status or citizenship.

The same process applies in Italy, as investors cannot sell their startup shares as long as they want to keep or renew their Golden Visa. They can sell it after obtaining EU long-term residency or citizenship after meeting the requirements that include a relocation.

For Latvia, investors should keep their investment to maintain their residency status. They can sell it after obtaining their permanent residency or citizenship.

Cyprus Golden Visa investors cannot sell their qualifying investment and withdraw completely if they want to keep their residency status, unless they apply for permanent residency or citizenship after meeting the requirements, including maintaining permanent and continuous residence in the country.

What Happens If You Sell Your Golden Visa Investment Too Early?

Selling the real estate property, exiting an investment fund, or redeeming your investment too early, before meeting the program’s requirements can put your residence status and rights at risk. This may also affect the validity or renewal of the permit. Therefore, investors should never assume that reaching a specific number of years, or period of time, automatically permits an exit.

In Greece and Cyprus, for instance, the possession of the investment must be maintained as long as the investor is holding the Golden Visa, as it is required for renewal.

Similarly, Portugal mandates renewing the Golden Visa based on an investment to demonstrate that the qualifying investment remains in place; otherwise, the investor will lose his Golden Visa status.

The Latvian and Italian Golden Visa programs also require proof of the qualifying investment for renewing the residency permit. Therefore, selling the investment too early will result to losing the residency status.

What Happens to a Golden Visa Property Investment?

Selling the property that is supporting the Greece or Cyprus Golden Visa can affect the investor’s right to keep the residence permit, because it is a permit obtained when the individual invests in the country. The Golden Visa remains valid as long as the investor still has the investment that qualified him for it. To renew their Golden Visa, they need to show that they still own the property. Therefore, by selling the property, investors will lose the Golden Visa and the residence permit.

Can You Sell a Golden Visa Property and Buy Another One?

Whether in Cyprus or Greece, investors can sell their qualified real estate property and buy another one, only if the new investment satisfies the Golden Visa requirements. Selling a qualifying property and substituting it with another qualifying one should not be treated as a simple property exchange. This procedure may impose new investment thresholds and a higher minimum investment. Therefore, before taking any action or selling the existing qualifying property, investors should verify the Golden Visa eligibility of the replacement investment.

The qualified real estate investment routes for the Greece Golden Visa are:

• A minimum of €250,000: For real estate under renovation or conversion of commercial properties into residential use, or the restoration of registered buildings regardless of location or size. Applicants can buy €250,000 worth of real estate in Greece.
• A minimum of €400,000: Investors looking to obtain a Greece Real Estate Investment Residency can apply by purchasing property in rural areas or in less densely populated cities and islands, worth €400,000 or more, provided that the investment is in a single property of at least 120 m2.
• A minimum of €800,000: Investors can qualify for a Greece Golden Visa Real Estate Investment if they purchase a property in Athens, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini, Attica, and islands with more than 3,100 inhabitants, worth €800,000 or more.

The qualified real estate investment route for the Cyprus Golden Visa is:

• A minimum of €300,000: investors can qualify for a Cyprus Golden Visa if they purchase a property, which must be new, not resale, and purchased directly from a real estate developer.

Read Also: Best Golden Visa for Families in 2026

Greece and Cyprus Golden Visa Exit Strategy: Can You Sell Your Property After 5 Years?

Holding both Golden Visas for 5 years does not mean that the investor can automatically dispose of the qualifying property and retain the Golden Visa status. An investor can sell the property, provided that he purchases another eligible property before he does either deal; otherwise, the Golden Visa will be cancelled.

If the investor still needs the Golden Visa to live in the country or leverage its myriad benefits, he should maintain the property that qualifies him. Investors can sell the property after obtaining permanent residency in Cyprus or Greece, which requires continuous legal residence. They can also sell it after applying for citizenship after 7 years of continuous legal residence in each country, because once a person has legally obtained citizenship either in Greece or Cyprus, their right to live in it is no longer based on ownership of the Golden Visa property.

In a nutshell, investors in both Greece and Cyprus can sell the property that was purchased for the Golden Visa; however, if that property is the qualifying investment supporting the residence permit, selling it can affect the Golden Visa status. Investors should not assume that the permit will remain valid until the expiry date printed on the residence card. The consequences should be checked before the sale is completed.

What Is the Golden Visa Exit Strategy for Fund Investment?

For individuals investing in funds, the case is subject to both the fund’s investment terms and the Golden Visa requirements. In Portugal, the qualifying fund investment must have a minimum 6-year maturity to ensure that the investment will be valid for the necessary period to apply for permanent residency. Fund maturity does not mean that the investor receives the money immediately.

Qualifying investment funds may have a lock-up period, where they don’t dissolve for a minimum of 6 years. During this period, investors are not allowed to withdraw or redeem their investment.

Some funds provide additional time beyond their original maturity date, allowing the fund manager to continue managing or liquidating the investments before returning capital.

Investors can diversify their investment across several funds to reduce their risk, but they should invest a total of €500,000. There are closed-end and open-end funds across sectors such as renewable energy, tourism, healthcare, technology, and agriculture. However, reaching 5 years does not automatically mean that the investor can redeem their investment or withdraw the money.

After the fund matures, investors can redeem or liquidate the investment to receive the money. Some funds may have limited or no early redemption, while others may permit it subject to specific conditions, fees, or penalties.

At maturity, the investor may receive the capital in addition to any applicable gains. However, investors can experience losses or potential gains, depending on the investment performance and value of the fund’s underlying assets.

For investors who want to exit the fund after they receive permanent residency or citizenship, open-ended investments allow them to enter or exit the investment whenever they want, while closed-end investments lock them in for a specific period. Most Portuguese investment funds allow investors to transfer or sell the shares between participants.

Immigration timing and investment timing may not be identical, because the Golden Visa timeline and the fund’s investment lifecycle are separate. After 5 years, the investor may be eligible to apply for a permanent visa, but the fund is still within its lock-up period or has not yet reached maturity, so investors need to keep their investment, even while receiving permanent residence. Moreover, reaching the 5 year investment threshold does not automatically mean that the investor can immediately redeem the fund without considering its contractual terms.

Portugal Golden Visa: What Happens to Your Investment in the Long Term?

Fund-based investors should hold the investment for at least 5 years, depending on the fund’s maturity. Over these years, the fund managers invest in Portuguese companies, energy projects, or financial instruments. The annual return ranges between 7 and 15%, depending on the fund. Funds operate under Portuguese and EU financial regulations, which means there are strict rules on licensing, audits, and transparent reporting. The funds are also operated by licensed fund managers who manage risk on behalf of investors. Funds invest in several sectors, including bonds, equities, and government securities, and allocate part to alternative assets in diversified sectors. This diversification reduces reliance on a single sector and helps balance risks and returns.

After the holding period, the investor can sell the fund units through fund redemption, resale on the secondary market, or fund liquidation.

The Golden Visa exit strategy depends on the fund documentation rather than on five years. Therefore, investors should view the five years as an immigration milestone and not a guaranteed investment exit date. Before investing, investors should examine the fund’s maturity, lock-up period, redemption provisions, extension clauses, and expected return on investment alongside their long-term residence or citizenship plans.

Golden Visa Exit Strategy: What Happens After 10 Years?

What happens after a decade depends on the jurisdiction, the type of residency permit, the investment structure, and the investor’s objectives. After 10 years, an investor may have several possible paths. If he wants the flexibility of the Golden Visa status and still holds the qualifying investment and meets the renewal requirements, the investor can keep this route.

If he wants to go further, some jurisdictions may qualify investors for permanent residency or long-term residency. At this stage, they are not obliged to keep the qualifying investment.

Investors also have the option to pursue citizenship if they meet the relevant naturalization requirements, such as passing a language exam, demonstrating cultural integration, and providing proof of a clean criminal record.

Once the investment is no longer required for the investor’s residence status, the investor would be able to exit, redeem, or transfer the equities in the fund. However, this will be subject to the fund’s own terms.

The investor also has the option to change his status from an investor permit to another residence status that better reflects his circumstances. For instance, after holding the Golden Visa for 5 years, investors can apply for long-term residency.

Even after receiving citizenship or permanent residency, an investor can choose to keep the asset or fund for its promising financial returns and as part of a diversified portfolio. Therefore, reaching 10 years of residence does not automatically trigger an exit, permanent residency, or citizenship. The decision is based on the investor’s long-term plans.

Do You Get Your Golden Visa Investment Back?

Your Golden Visa exit strategy depends on the type of investment the investor chooses.

If the investment is a contribution or donation to the country’s economy, this is non-refundable, as investors pay towards a qualifying public interest rather than acquiring an asset that they can resell or redeem. Italy’s Golden Visa program have to option to make charitable donations worth €1 million for projects that benefit society in Italy. Portugal’s Golden Visa program also includes donating €250,000 to an artistic project.

On the contrary, real estate property investment is potentially recoverable because the investor owns an asset that can be sold after a certain period of time. There is huge potential that the price of this property appreciates over time.

The investment fund, including private equity and venture capital funds, can also be recovered through redemption, liquidation, or transfer, depending on the fund’s maturity, liquidity, and performance. Portugal’s qualifying investment funds enable investors to recover the investment after the maturity date of the investment.

It is worth noting that the investment funds do not guarantee that the investor receives the original capital back after five years.

Investment in limited companies is potentially recoverable through a sale, dividend distribution, or exit; however, the value of the shares depends on the business’s performance and market conditions.

Golden Visa Exit Strategy: Can You Keep Your Investment After Getting Citizenship?

Obtaining a new status, whether permanent residency or citizenship, doesn’t mean that the investor is required to sell the asset and execute Golden Visa exit strategy. An investor can maintain the investment or dispose of it depending on their personal objectives and tax considerations.

Should You Plan Your Golden Visa Exit Strategy Before You Invest?

Definitely. Golden Visa investors should assess the entire process with the exit strategy in mind, and not only the initial eligibility requirements.

Before investing, investors should consider the investment horizon, how easily the asset can be liquidated and converted to cash, and the specific exit mechanism, whether that means selling a property, redeeming funds, or exiting a business investment.

Investors should determine whether they are planning to renew the Golden Visa, pursue permanent residency, or apply for citizenship, as each pathway may have different requirements. Investors should also consider the potential taxes, transaction costs, management fees, and other expenses associated with entering and exiting the investment.

A Golden Visa strategy should study how you enter the program, and how and when you may exit the investment. Citizenship Bay team includes certified professionals who can help you navigate the Golden Visa process seamlessly.

Frequently Asked Questions About Golden Visa Exit Strategy

• What does a Golden Visa exit strategy look like after 5 years?

Golden Visa Investors should maintain their investment as long as they want to keep their residency status. After 5 years, Golden Visa holders, whether from Portugal, Greece, Italy, Latvia, or Cyprus will become eligible to apply for permanent residency, provided that they meet each program’s requirements.

• Can I use a Golden Visa exit strategy to sell my investment after 5 years?

This differs from one program to another, because this may lead to losing the residency status.

After 5 years of holding the Portugal Golden Visa, investors can apply for permanent residency, but selling or liquidating the investment depends on the investment route and the maturity date of the fund they are investing in.

In Greece, investors can sell their property after applying for permanent residency after 5 years.

In Italy, investors can liquidate their shares or sell their innovative startup after obtaining permanent residency after 5 years.

In Latvia, investors can sell their investment only after obtaining permanent residency, otherwise, they will lose their residency status.

In Cyprus, investors will also be able to sell the qualifying property after obtaining permanent residency.

• Can a Golden Visa exit strategy help me recover my investment?

Getting the investment back depends on the program and the type of investment. In Portugal, donations are non-refundable, while fund investments and company shares can be recovered through a sale, redemption, or exit. But the timing depends on the maturity date.

In Greece, investors can sell or liquidate their real estate property, with a value that usually appreciates over time. However, if they sell the property before obtaining a permanent residency they will lose their residence permit.

In Italy, investors can sell their innovative startup or their shares in limited companies, or they can keep their investment and benefit from high returns.

In Latvia, investors can sell their companies and get the investment back, and they also have the option to keep it and benefit from the returns.

In Cyprus, investors can sell their real estate property after obtaining permanent residency or citizenship.

• What happens if I sell my Golden Visa property?

If the property is considered the basis of the Golden Visa, selling it may jeopardize the ability to renew the permit. Whether in Greece or Cyprus, investors should maintain the property as long as they are holding the Golden Visa. They can substitute the property with another qualifying one with an investment value which is equal or higher. Investors can sell their property after obtaining permanent residency or citizenship.

• Can a Golden Visa exit strategy include withdrawing from an investment fund?

This depends on the fund’s maturity, lock-up period, and liquidity provisions. Portuguese qualifying funds, for instance, require a minimum of 5 years’ maturity when the investment is made. Investors who withdraw before the maturity date will lose their qualifying investment.

• Do I need to keep my investment after obtaining permanent residency under my Golden Visa exit strategy?

Once investors obtain permanent residence status, they can sell, redeem, or liquidate their investment. However, if investors want to keep their investment, they can do.

• Do I have to keep my investment after citizenship?

Citizenship is a separate legal status from the Golden Visa; therefore, once it is granted, the investor can sell or redeem his investment. Therefore, the investment remains subject to the investor’s own contractual and financial terms.

• What happens when a Golden Visa expires?

Investors who want to keep their Golden Visa valid have to renew it every two years and continue meeting the applicable requirements. After 5 years, they can choose to apply for permanent residence.

• Can a Golden Visa be renewed after 5 years?

Yes. Portugal, Italy, Latvia, Cyprus, and Greece allow investors to renew the Golden Visa after 5 years, as long as they are holding the qualified investment and meeting the applicable requirements. They become eligible to apply for permanent residency after meeting the requirements, which include continuous residency, language profetioncy, cultural integration, and clean criminal record.

• What is a Golden Visa exit strategy?

A Golden Visa exit strategy is a plan for when and how investors may eventually sell, redeem, liquidate, or transfer their shares. Ignoring this step would jeopardize your residency objectives. The strategy should consider the investment horizon, exit mechanism, residence pathway, citizenship plans, and potential taxes and fees. Authorized agents such as Citizenshipbay can help you set this strategy and overcome this process seamlessly.

For more information about Golden Visa exit strategy, how to apply for a Golden Visa Investment, please contact us via WhatsApp.

Best Golden Visa For Americans in 2026 : Portugal Vs. Greece Vs. Italy at a Glance

1. Securing Plan B: In an era characterized by geopolitical realignments, sectoral variation, and valuation pressure, Americans are increasingly looking to secure a Plan B by obtaining a European residency. This provides them and their families with safety, security, and the freedom to access global opportunities.
2. European Residency Benefits: Whether Portugal, Greece, or Italy, they all offer Americans greater global mobility, access to new lifestyle and family opportunities, and the ability to relocate when circumstances get worse.
3. Retirement Planning: Americans who have already accumulated wealth or retirement assets are sometimes choosing to move to their dream countries that combine cultural attractions, established expatriate communities, a slower pace of life, access to high-quality healthcare services, lower cost of living, and a warm climate.
4. Family Opportunities: All three Golden Visa Programs allow investors to include their family members in a single application. Americans can also take advantage of the high-quality education in Europe, with several universities ranked among the top 100 globally.
5. Peaceful and Relaxing Lifestyle: Portugal, Greece, and Italy are all celebrated for their breathtaking natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and history. They are all renowned for their relaxed pace of life, friendly locals, strong family values, and emphasis on work-life balance, along with a warm climate and moderate temperatures.
6. International Mobility: The three programs give investors the ability to enter the Schengen zone without a visa. But to benefit from the country’s strong passport, investors are required to obtain citizenship.
7. Asset Diversification: All three programs provide various investment opportunities, including investment funds, innovative startups, property ownership, company creation, government bonds, and company shares. These varieties allow Americans to build a stronger and balanced portfolio to broaden their reach and tap into new growth cycles and income streams.
8. Minimum Residency Requirements: Italy and Greece’s Golden Visa programs do not impose any minimum residency requirements, while Portugal requires 7 days of physical residence annually. However, Americans are required to keep and maintain the qualified investment as long as they are holding the Golden Visa. Therefore, investors can choose to relocate to the host country without necessarily moving immediately.

1. • How the Portugal Golden Visa works

The Portugal Golden Visa offers a straightforward route to European residency without any need to relocate immediately. The program is for eligible investors who are at least 18 years old, with a clean criminal record and good health. It offers a variety of affordable investment choices to obtain a residency permit in the country. Applicants must spend at least 7 days annually in Portugal and can apply for citizenship after 10 years of legal residence. The Portugal Golden Visa allows holders to live, study, and work in the country, and to enter the Schengen area without a visa.

1. • Qualifying investment routes

• €250,000 donation to qualified projects in Portuguese arts or national cultural heritage reconstruction.
• €500,000 contribution to scientific research in science or technology, conducted by public or private scientific research institutions involved in the national scientific or technological system.
• €500,000 investment in private equity or venture capital funds, excluding any fund that has direct or indirect real estate ties.
• €500,000 investment in a qualified Portuguese company combined with job creation requirements.

• Minimum investment

Investors can obtain a Portugal Golden Visa by donating €250,000 to qualified projects in Portuguese arts or national cultural heritage reconstruction. It is worth noting that the donations non-refundable.

1. • Physical presence requirement

Investors holding the Portugal Golden Visa are required to stay at least 7 days annually in the country. Moreover, they are required to maintain the qualified investment as long as they are holding the residency permit. They can liquidate the investment after obtaining citizenship or permanent residency.

1. • Family inclusion

The Portugal Golden Visa program allows investors to include their family members in one application without any additional cost except the due diligence and residence card issuance fees. Investors can include partners who are legally married or recognized de facto, dependent children up to 24 years old, and dependent parents or grandparents of either spouse if economic dependency is officially proven.

1. • Path to permanent residency or citizenship

Portugal Golden Visa is valid for two years and renewable for another three years. At the end of the fifth year, they can apply for permanent residency. After 10 years of legal residence, Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship. But Portugal imposes several conditions beyond the residence period, including a language test, cultural and civic knowledge, and security and criminal record conditions.

1. • Advantages for Americans

Portugal is considered the best Golden Visa for Americans looking to diversify their asset portfolio and invest in private equity and venture capital funds. It is also attractive for American families looking to raise their children in a safe and secure country that provides high-quality education and healthcare services. It is also appealing for retirees opting for a peaceful and relaxed lifestyle with an affordable cost of living, where their retirement savings can stretch further. Portugal’s program is also attractive for American retirees who want to leverage the Individual Retirement Account without penalties or taxes by investing in Portuguese investment funds.

• Who is Portugal Best for?

Portugal is the best Golden Visa for Americans looking for moderate returns from private equity and venture capital funds, rather than investments in residential real estate. Portugal’s program is also attractive for Americans who want to leverage the Individual Retirement Account (IRAs) without penalties or taxes by investing in Portuguese investment funds.  It is also suitable for Americans prioritizing limited physical presence requirements for their path to citizenship.

Best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026: Greece

• How it works

The Greek Golden Visa is a residency by investment program that offers non-EU citizens the opportunity to obtain Greek residency by investing in real estate or other qualifying assets in the country.

To qualify for a Greek Golden Visa, applicants must be at least 18 years old with a clean criminal record, have valid medical health insurance, and provide proof of the source of funds. The program provides a five-year residence permit for investors who make a minimum investment of €250,000 in Greek real estate or other investment routes, including local startups, leasing hotel accommodation, or purchasing Greek equities or government bonds.

The program does not impose any physical stay requirements, allowing investors to apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence.

• Real-estate investment routes

• A minimum of €250,000: For real estate under renovation or conversion of commercial properties into residential use, or the restoration of registered buildings regardless of location or size. Applicants can buy €250,000 worth of real estate in Greece.

• A minimum of €400,000: Investors looking to obtain a Greece Real Estate Investment Residency can apply by purchasing property in rural areas or in less densely populated cities and islands, worth €400,000 or more, provided that the investment is in a single property of at least 120 m2.

• A minimum of €800,000: Investors can qualify for a Greece Golden Visa Real Estate Investment if they purchase a property in Athens, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini, Attica, and islands with more than 3,100 inhabitants, worth €800,000 or more.

• No/minimal residence requirement

One of the key advantages of the Greece Golden Visa program is that there are no minimum residency requirements to maintain the Visa. However, Americans should keep and maintain the investment as long as they are holding the permit.

• Family Inclusion

American applicants can include their family members in a single application, such as civil partners and legal marriages, dependent children up to 18 years old, and parents of any age if they have no other children in their home country, and dependent parents and parents-in-law of both the main applicant and the spouse without any age restrictions.

• Citizenship Considerations

Greece Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence in the country, along with additional integration requirements. Greece requires applicants to pass a Greek language exam, provide evidence of integration, such as participation in Greek cultural or social activities, and demonstrate having enough income or financial resources to support themselves and their families. Once Americans obtain citizenship, they are no longer obliged to maintain the investment.

1. • Advantages

• Real Estate Ownership: The program allows applicants to invest in real estate property with a minimum threshold of €250,000, along with several investment routes in local startups, equities, government bonds, and company shares.
• Lump-sum Tax Regime: Greece provides an attractive lump-sum tax regime for Americans who invest a minimum of €500,000 in Greek assets, including real estate. Qualified individuals are subject to an annual lump-sum tax of €100,000, in addition to €20,000 for a spouse and each child or parent. Any additional family member who wants to benefit from the lump-sum tax regime, such as children, can be added later through a supplementary application, provided that it is submitted within the 15-year duration of the principal application.
• Quick Path to Citizenship: The Golden Visa program allows its holder to apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence in Greece, provided that they pass a language test and show evidence of integration.

• Who is Greece Best for?

Greece may be the best Golden Visa for Americans looking to own a property with a value that appreciates over time.  It is also ideal for those looking for a fast route to European citizenship. Greece is also appealing for investors looking to benefit from the lump-sum tax regime.

Best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026: Italy

1. • How Italy’s Investor Visa works

Italy’s Investor Visa, also known as the Golden Visa program, allows non-EU nationals who invest a minimum of €250,000 in the country’s economy to obtain residency. Its fast-track process, low investment thresholds, and strategic access to the European market make it an ideal option for American investors looking to obtain European residency. The program provides residence permits for specific investment options, excluding real estate, such as investing in innovative startups, limited companies, and government bonds. The visa is granted for 2 years and can be extended for three years without any minimum residency requirements. However, the path to citizenship requires 10 years of actual residence.

What gives Italy’s program an advantage is that the qualifying investment can be made after the Investor Visa has been approved. This reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.

1. • Investing Minimum €250,000 in Innovative Startup

Investing €250,000 in an innovative startup is one of the most attractive investment routes provided by Italy’s Investor Visa program. For investors who are prioritizing business exposure and looking to grow in the market and gain long-term returns, Italy is a good choice. The average annual return on investment from an Italian company ranges from 3% to 4%. The Italian tech ecosystem achieved strong results in 2024, with companies that raised more than €1.3 billion.

The Italian innovation-driven industries demonstrate their growth through three key sectors, which include fintech, software, and space, sectors that show advancement in financial technology, digital transformation, and space exploration. Major cities such as Milan, Turin, and Rome have become vibrant hubs for tech and entrepreneurship, with Milan emerging as a central player, attracting both national and international investments.

1. • Investing €500,000 in an Italian Company

Investing €500,000 in a business is regarded as one of the most attractive ways to obtain residency in Italy. Investors can invest in listed or unlisted shares of a company that operates in Italy. For Italian non-financial companies listed on the EXM market, Return on Equity (ROE) rose to 10.9% in 2024, and Return on Assets (ROA) reached 2.6%, highlighting greater efficiency in the use of invested capital.

1. • Other eligible investment routes

Investors looking to obtain Italy’s Investor Visa can also donate €1,000,000 to a philanthropic initiative. They can also buy Italian government bonds worth €2,000,000.

1. • When Must the Investment Be Made?

The qualifying investment can be made after receiving approval for Italy’s Investor Visa. This advantage reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.

1. • Residency requirements

Italy does not impose any minimum requirements for physical presence; therefore, investors can obtain the Golden Visa without any need to visit and stay in the country. However, to maintain the residency permit, investors must hold their investment.

1. • Family Inclusion

Italy’s Investor Visa program allows investors to include their family members in one application. The application can include legally recognized spouses or civil partners, dependent children up to 18 years old, including children of the spouse, and parents of any age if they have no other children in their home country, or parents above 65 if other children cannot support them due to documented health reasons. However, including the family member may incur additional costs such as subscription fees and residence permit fees.

1. • Path to Citizenship

Golden Visa holders looking to obtain Italian citizenship can apply after 10 years of actual residence. But investors are required to meet other conditions, such as providing proof of sufficient income and the absence of criminal convictions, as well as passing a language test.

1. • Advantages

Italy’s Investor Visa offers its holders massive benefits:

• Low Entry Point: The program allows Americans to apply for European residency at a low investment threshold that doesn’t exceed €250,000, and at the same time gain exposure to innovative Italian startups that have large potential to grow and thrive in the European market and achieve long-term returns.
• Making Investment After Receiving Approval: The qualifying investment can be made after the Investor Visa has been approved. This reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.
• Lump-Sum Tax Regime: Italy offers a vital tax advantage for investors and high-net-worth individuals with substantial foreign-source income because of its lump-sum regime. This system replaces ordinary Italian taxation on eligible foreign-source income with a fixed tax of €300,000 regardless of the amount of that foreign income. This makes Italy attractive for investors whose international income is sufficiently high.
• Home to Leading Universities: The country is also home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Top Italian universities include Politecnico di Milano, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Bologna, and University of Padua.

Best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026: Which One Requires the Lowest Investment?

All three programs require investing at least €250,000 in the country’s economy to obtain the Golden Visa, but the investment types differ.

Portugal’s €250,000 option is a non-refundable donation to support qualifying cultural projects or artistic projects, and the main common investment route requires €500,000 in private equity and venture capital funds.

Greece’s €250,000 option is to acquire a real estate property under renovation or conversion of commercial properties into residential use, or restoration of registered buildings. The standard real estate investment is to purchase a €400,000 property in rural areas or in less densely populated cities, or to purchase an €8,000,000 property in high-demand areas such as Athens.

Italy’s option is to invest €250,000 in an innovative startup that has large potential to grow and thrive.

Therefore, the lowest investment threshold does not necessarily mean the most suitable option for the lowest risk. The best Golden Visa program for Americans depends on the investor’s preferences and broader objectives, along with the liquidity he has and the associated risks. The cheapest option depends on what type of investment the investor is prepared to make, and the risks he is ready to take.

Best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026: Real Estate

Greece is the sole and best Golden Visa program for Americans through Real Estate. American investors have the option to invest €250,000 only for renovating or converting commercial properties into residential use, regardless of location or size. They can also purchase a property in rural areas or even in high-demand regions such as Athens, Santorini, and Mykonos. On the contrary, real estate investment is not an eligible route in Portugal and Italy’s Golden Visa programs. Portugal even restricts investing in investment funds that have direct investment in real estate.

Best Golden Visa for Americans Who Don’t Want to Relocate

The Best Golden Visas for Americans who want residency without relocating are Italy and Greece. They both have no minimum stay requirement or physical presence to maintain residency. However, Portugal requires spending at least 7 days annually.

Best Golden Visa for Americans Seeking European Citizenship

The Best Golden Visa for Americans seeking European citizenship is Greece, depending on the investor’s objectives. If he is looking to obtain citizenship without relocating to the host country, Portugal is considered the ideal option because it enables investors to apply for citizenship with a limited physical presence requirement that does not exceed 7 days annually.

However, if the investor intends to relocate, Greece is a better option because they can apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence. Italy allows the Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship after 10 years of actual residence. All three countries mandate passing a language exam and proving integration into the country’s culture, along with a sufficient income and absence of criminal convictions.

Best Golden Visa for Americans for Retirement

The best Golden Visa for Americans for Retirement can be reflected in the recent official reports. According to the Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin 2025, there is a large number of American retirees living in Italy, Portugal, and Greece. Below is a detailed table showing the number of retirees in the three countries:

Portugal, Italy, and Greece are all best golden visa for American retirees. But the Best Golden Visa depends on the American’s preferences and personal objectives.

Lifestyle: All three countries are renowned for their calm, balanced, and peaceful lifestyle, where retirees can enjoy long lunches, seaside walks, and community-centered living, which replaces the urgency of a fast-paced environment in the US. In terms of safety, Portugal is the best fit, as it ranks 7th on the Global Peace Index.

Cost of Living: Compared to the US, the cost of living is lower in the 3 countries. However, it is the lowest in Portugal, while the rent index and the local purchasing power are considered the best in Greece.

Healthcare access: Portugal is considered the best option because it stands out in the 2026 Health Care Index. It is ranked 21st, followed by Italy 47^th, and Greece 67th. But it is worth noting that the three countries have accessible and well-developed healthcare systems, providing excellent medical care services

Residency: Greece is the best option, as it allows investors to apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence. Italy also does not impose any residency requirements, so retirees can maintain their residency permit without any need to visit the country. Portugal is suitable for retirees who want flexibility rather than immediate relocation, as it requires only 7 days of physical presence.

Property: Greece is the only program where property ownership is an eligible investment. American retirees can also lease an accommodation in a hotel for €400,000. Neither Italy nor Portugal allows property ownership to obtain a Golden Visa.

Taxation: Greece is the most attractive option in terms of taxes, as it provides a lump-sum regime. Qualified individuals are subject to an annual lump-sum tax of €100,000 if they invest a minimum of €500,000 in Greek assets, including real estate. Italy is considered a suitable choice for affluents with substantial foreign-source income. This system replaces ordinary Italian taxation on eligible foreign-source income with a fixed tax of €300,000 regardless of the amount of that foreign income.

Physical presence: Italy and Greece are the most appealing options, as they don’t require minimum physical presence in the country.

Best Golden Visa for American Families

If you are looking for the best Golden Visa for Americans and families, here is your answer. Portugal, Italy, and Greece allow investors to include their family members, including spouse, children, and parents, in the same application, rather than applying separately, provided that their children meet the eligibility requirements of the program.

If the investor’s priority is to include dependent adults up to 24 years old, Portugal is the strongest among the three programs, giving it a clear advantage for families with older children seeking residency. Greece allows including children up to 21 years old, and Italy up to 18 years.

If the American investor wants to include his parents. Portugal allows them to include dependent parents or grandparents of either spouse, once they demonstrate financial dependency. Greece offers broader flexibility, allowing both parents and parents-in-law of the main applicant and spouse to be included without any age restrictions. Italy’s Golden Visa allows parents to be included depending on their family circumstances. Parents of any age may qualify if they don’t have other children in their home country, while parents aged 65 or older are eligible where their other children are unable to support them for documented health reasons.

If the American investor wants to relocate and raise his children in the host country, Portugal and Italy are the best options. Italy leads in higher education, as it is home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Portugal offers a well-organized and inclusive education system, offering high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education with diverse options. Greece is also a good option for children to study and attend universities, as it is home to several universities and technical colleges that provide a wide variety of programs across various subjects.

If the American family wants to relocate and work in the host country, Portugal and Italy are the best fit, as they allow Golden Visa holders to reside, study, and work in the country, while Greece prohibits them from working in the country.

Best Golden Visa for Americans :  Tax Considerations

Although US citizens remain subject to US taxation regardless of residence, tax treaties and tax lump-sum programs are provided by countries such as Italy and Greece. Below is the difference between related terms:

1. • Immigration residency

It is a legal immigration status, which means residence permits provided by Portugal, Italy, or Greece. It gives investors the right to live in the country and may come with minimum stay requirements. However, this permit does not make its holder a tax resident, and it does not terminate the original citizenship or tax obligations.

1. • Tax residency

Individuals are deemed to be tax residents if they spend more than 183 consecutive days during one year in Portugal, Greece, or Italy. The three countries impose taxes on tax residents only, not all investors holding the Golden Visa. Below are the taxes imposed on tax residents in each country:

Portugal

Residents in Portugal are taxed on their worldwide income at progressive rates varying from 12.50% to 48% for 2026.

Non-residents are liable to income tax only on Portuguese-source income, which includes not only that portion of remuneration that can be allocated to the activity carried out in Portugal but also remuneration that is paid/borne by a Portuguese company or permanent establishment (PE).

Non-residents are taxed at a flat rate of 25% on their taxable remuneration (e.g. employment, self-employment, and pension income) in 2026.

Resident income tax rates for 2026

Italy

In Italy, individuals may be subject to national income tax, regional income tax, and municipal income tax. The tax liability is computed on a progressive basis. The applicable national tax rates are shown below.

Regional income tax depends on the region of residence. The regional income tax rate generally ranges from 1.23% to 3.33%.

Municipal income tax depends on the municipality of residence. It generally ranges from 0% to 0.9%. Municipalities may establish progressive tax rates applicable to the national income brackets.

Individuals who transfer their tax residency to Italy may elect for the application of a flat tax on foreign-sourced income, provided that the relevant conditions are met. The lump sum is €300,000 on an annual basis, regardless of the level of their foreign-sourced income. Family members can also benefit from this tax regime. The flat tax for qualifying relatives is €50,000 per person.

The lump sum tax regime applies to foreign-sourced income and replaces:

• income tax on foreign investments, including foreign interest, dividends, and capital gains, except for capital gains on qualified participations earned in the first five years;
• wealth tax on real estate and financial investments owned outside Italy;
• financial monitoring obligations through the Italian tax return.

A special regime provides for a flat tax rate of 7% on non-Italian-sourced pensions and other foreign-source income. The ordinary length of the regime is ten years, starting from the tax year in which the individual becomes an Italian tax resident. More precisely, the option is valid from that tax period and for the following nine tax periods.

The regime applies not only to foreign pension income but also, where the relevant conditions are met, to other categories of foreign-source income, including employment or self-employment income, business income, capital income, rental income, and certain other income.

Greece

Income tax is payable by all individuals earning income in Greece, regardless of citizenship or place of permanent residence. Permanent residents are taxed on their worldwide income in Greece.

Real estate property

From tax year 2026 onwards, the tax scale applicable to income derived from real estate is illustrated below:

Non-dom regime for investors

The non-dom regime provides an alternative way of taxing income derived abroad for individuals transferring their tax residence to Greece (non-dom).

Under this regime, individuals will pay a lump-sum tax of €100,000 per tax year, irrespective of the amount of income earned abroad, for a maximum of 15 fiscal years. Moreover, it is possible to extend the regime to any of their relatives by paying an additional tax equal to €20,000 per person per tax year. In such cases, the provisions of inheritance, gift, and parental grant tax will not apply.

1. • U.S. citizenship-based taxation

The US taxes its citizens on worldwide income regardless of where they live or hold residency. Therefore, an American holding a European Golden Visa may still have US filling and tax obligations. Foreign tax credits and other provisions may reduce double taxation, but they don’t eliminate the US filing requirements.

FATCA

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act is an information reporting regime designed to identify US taxpayers’ foreign financial assets. Certain U.S. taxpayers holding financial assets outside the United States must report those assets to the IRS generally using Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets. The aggregate value of these assets must exceed $50,000 to be reportable, in general, but in some cases, the threshold may be higher.

1. • PFIC considerations for certain foreign investments

A Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC) is a foreign corporation meeting specific US tax tests. Several mutual and investment funds or similar vehicles fall within the PFIC rules. US individuals holding a direct or indirect shareholder in a PFIC must file Form 8621 for each tax year.

1. • Need for U.S./cross-border tax advice

Americans looking to obtain a Golden Visa should take a US cross border tax advice before selecting the residency program or making foreign investment. The appropriate analysis depends on the individual’s residence, income, assets, investment structure, and applicable tax treaties. The advice is critical before purchasing foreign funds or other investments that could trigger US reporting or taxation.

Best Golden Visa for Americans by Goal

There is no best Golden Visa for Americans, as the right choice depends on the investor’s priorities and objectives.

Best Golden Visa for Americans: How to Choose?

There is no best Golden Visa program for Americans, as the better approach depends on the budget, preferred assets, relocation plans, citizenship objectives, tax benefits, and time horizon.

Regarding the investment budget, all three programs start at €250,000; however, the investor’s decision may vary depending on their preferred asset. If he wants to exploit this investment in a small and innovative business that may thrive over time, Italy is the best fit. If he wants to own a real estate property, Greece is the sole option, and if he wants to make a nonrefundable donation without achieving any returns, Portugal is an ideal option.

If the investor wants to raise his investment budget to €500,000. Portugal allows investing in funds that provide moderate financial returns. Italy allows investing in company shares that may bring high returns due to the good performance and strong structure of Italian companies.

If American investors want to relocate, Portugal is a suitable fit because it is ranked among the top countries in safety and healthcare services, and the cost of living is low compared to the US.  If the investor wants to move with his children, Italy is an ideal option due to the high-quality education services, including universities.  However, if the American investor has no plans to relocate, Greece and Italy don’t impose any physical presence requirements, while Portugal mandates staying at least 7 days annually.

If the American investor is looking to obtain citizenship, Greece is the best choice as it allows them to apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence, with additional requirements such as passing a language test and cultural knowledge. If they want to obtain citizenship without relocating to the host country, Portugal is the best program because it allows them to apply for citizenship after 10 years, provided that they spend 7 days annually in Portugal.

For American investors looking for tax advantages, this requires careful analysis, but Greece is considered a good choice as it offers an attractive lump-sum tax regime.

For Americans seeking to secure a Plan B quickly, the Greece Golden Visa stands out as one of the Best Golden Visa for Americans, with residency obtainable in as little as three months.

Frequently Asked Questions about Best Golden Visa for Americans

• What is the best Golden Visa for Americans in 2026?

There is no single best Golden Visa for Americans . However, Portugal can suit those prioritizing long-term returns from investment funds and a path to citizenship without actual residence. Greece is attractive for Americans looking for real estate ownership. Italy can suit Americans looking to invest in innovative startups and gain access to the European market.

• Can Americans get a Golden Visa in Europe?

Yes, Americans are eligible to apply for a Golden Visa in Europe, provided that they meet the legal requirements and invest in the country’s economy.

• Which European Golden Visa is cheapest for Americans?

The lowest investment threshold starts at €250,000 in all three countries; however, the investment type may vary.

• Is Portugal or Greece better for Americans?

The best Golden Visa for Americans depends on the investor’s objective. Greece is more suitable for Americans seeking property ownership, while Portugal may be more attractive for investing in funds.

• Can Americans buy property and get residency in Europe?

Greece is the best Golden Visa for Americans that allows real estate property ownership as a qualifying route for Golden Visa.

• Do I have to live in Europe to maintain a Golden Visa?

Not necessarily. While Greece and Italy do not impose any physical presence requirements to maintain the visa, Portugal mandates staying at least 7 days annually to maintain it.

• Does a Golden Visa make me a European tax resident?

No. Holding a Golden Visa doesn’t make an American a tax resident. Americans are required to spend more than 183 days during a year in the host country to become tax residents.

• Do U.S. citizens still pay U.S. taxes after moving to Europe?

Yes. Americans remain subject to US taxation on worldwide income, even if they are living abroad. However, foreign tax credits and other provisions may help prevent double taxation.

• Can my spouse and children be included?

All three Golden Visa programs allow applicants to include spouse, children, and parents in one application, without incurring any additional fees apart from due diligence and residence card fees. For families, Portugal is one of the Best Golden Visa options for Americans with children between the ages of 21 and 24.

• Can a Golden Visa eventually lead to an EU passport?

A Golden Visa does not directly grant citizenship, but after spending a specific number of years, applicants will be able to apply for citizenship. The best Golden Visa to qualify to citizenship without relocation is Portugal.

Conclusion: What is the best Golden Visa for Americans?

What is the best Golden Visa for Americans ? No one answer fits all investors. Portugal may be more suitable for Americans looking to invest in funds with potential returns. Greece may appeal to investors looking to purchase real estate properties with a value that appreciates over time, without any minimum stay requirements. Italy can be relevant for Americans interested in investing in innovative startups that have great growth potential. The most suitable program depends on the investor’s objectives, personal and financial needs, and citizenship goals.

For more information about best Golden Visa for Americans, please contact us via WhatsApp.

Read Also: 10 Reasons Why Are Americans Renouncing US Citizenship

 

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https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/fatca-information-for-individuals

In the second quarter of 2026, the number of expatriates reached 3,243, the highest level since the pandemic in 2020. This trend is attributed to Americans’ growing desire to secure a Plan B due to practical burdens, political and social considerations, the high cost of living, retirement, or diversifying global mobility options.

Americans renouncing US Citizenship are turning to other alternatives, such as a second citizenship in the Caribbean or a European residency, to obtain greater flexibility, security, peace of mind, and tax advantages.

Americans Renouncing US Citizenship at a Glance

The number of Americans choosing to expatriate or relinquish their US citizenship has risen in recent years, reflecting a growing interest in establishing lives, business, or even retiring beyond the United States. The figures below demonstrate this trend:

10 Major Reasons Why Americans Renouncing US Citizenship

1. Securing Plan B: In an era characterized by geopolitical realignments, sectoral variation, and valuation pressure, Americans are increasingly looking to secure a Plan B by obtaining a second citizenship or residency. This provides them and their families with safety, security, and freedom to access global opportunities.
2. Political and Social Consideration: For some Americans, political polarization and dissatisfaction with the political environment have become additional factors for considering an international move.
3. High Cost of Living: The rise in the cost of living is one of the key reasons encouraging Americans, especially retirees, to look beyond the US for a more affordable and fulfilling lifestyle. Higher housing, everyday expenses, and healthcare services are prompting some Americans to consider countries where their income may stretch further. Others are looking for a slower pace of life, greater work-life balance, and access to amenities and activities that support their overall well-being, while achieving a better balance between financial security and quality of life.
4. Dollar Risk Hedging: Several reasons, including slower growth, rising deficits, political uncertainty, and changing global capital flows, are affecting the dollar’s performance. Moreover, the US 2025 real GDP growth forecast fell from 2.8% in 2024 to 1.4% in 2025 and 1.6% in 2026, according to the World Bank report. In response to these dynamics, US investors are looking for second citizenships or residencies to diversify their exposure and hedge against currency risk.
5. Portfolio Diversification: To build a stronger and more balanced portfolio, US investors are considering international diversification to broaden their reach and tap into new growth cycles, income streams, and risk-reduction strategies. They are looking for other countries that provide them with stability and access to large multinational firms to gain exposure to global industries and consistent income.
6. Inflation Protection and Income: US investors are struggling with inflationary pressures. In July 2026, inflation rose 3.4%, the highest in two years. Rising inflation levels, especially above the Fed’s 2% target, could complicate the easing of monetary policy. However, global investments can help manage inflation and generate a steady income.
7. Retirement: Americans who have already accumulated wealth or retirement assets are sometimes choosing to move to their dream countries that combine cultural attractions, established expatriate communities, a slower pace of life, access to high-quality healthcare services, and a warm climate.
8. Investing Through IRAs: Some European Residency programs, such as Portugal, allow Americans to leverage their Individual Retirement Account (IRA) by investing their retirement savings without triggering penalties or tax issues.
9. Tax Benefits: Although Americans are taxed on their worldwide income regardless of where they reside, some countries provide attractive regimes that help them reduce tax burdens. For instance, Italy and Greece provide lump-sum taxation models to simplify and cap taxation of foreign-sourced income while residing in the country.
10. High ROI Potential: Usually, the US economy and the Eurozone economy don’t move in perfect sync and have a different industrial composition. While the US economy focuses on technology, sectors such as tourism, manufacturing, and SMEs thrive in Europe and the Caribbean, giving US investors a reduced systemic risk if the US economy witnesses a recession or crisis. Therefore, US investors can establish a presence in these regions, creating potential for stronger long-term ROI.

Americans Renouncing US Citizenship and Turning to Europe? 

An annual analysis revealed by Citizenship Bay, based on insights collected during 2025, shows an increase in inquiries and applications from US nationals for European residency programs, mainly Portugal, Greece, and Italy. This growing demand was driven by a mix of wealthy investors, retirees, and families attracted by the myriad benefits of these programs, which include access to the Schengen area, promising business opportunities, and a competitive cost of living.

According to the Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin 2025, there is an established American population in Italy, Portugal, and Greece receiving U.S. Social Security benefits. The majority of beneficiaries in these markets are retirees. Below is a detailed table showing the number of beneficiaries in the three countries:

The three countries have emerged as attractive destinations for Americans renouncing US Citizenship and looking to combine lifestyle advantages, investment opportunities, and greater mobility.

Greece currently offers the shorter path to citizenship among the three, mandating 7 years of actual residence along with a language test, proof of income, and a clean criminal record. Portugal requires 10 years of legal residency with minimal residency requirements that do not exceed 7 days annually. Italy’s Golden Visa program also allows applicants to apply for citizenship after 10 years of actual residence.

Portugal offers Americans renouncing US citizenship promising business opportunities, especially in tech and digital innovation sectors, as well as tourism and the food industry, lower cost of living, safety, and a robust and affordable healthcare system. By investing in Portugal’s Golden Visa, US investors can leverage their IRA and invest their retirement savings without triggering penalties or tax issues, unless they withdraw their funds before retirement age. A self-directed IRA account enables Americans to invest beyond traditional stocks and bonds, allowing them to leverage alternative assets, including qualified investment funds, without the need to establish a Limited Liability Company in the US or Portugal.

Italy stands out for its large and diversified economy, with opportunities across manufacturing, tourism, SMEs, and innovative startups, along with its relaxing and peaceful lifestyle and stunning nature.

Greece, on the other hand, is attractive for Americans looking to own a real estate property that appreciates over time, while enjoying a Mediterranean lifestyle with well-established American communities.

Together, these countries can offer Americans more than an alternative place to live, serving as ideal destinations to expand their business exposure in the European market, diversify their asset portfolios, access different economic growth drivers, and easily reach world-class healthcare services. For investors pursuing a long-term Plan B, the three countries are suitable for Americans renouncing US citizenship who are seeking a straightforward path to citizenship.

Read also: How Can European Residency Unlock Tax Benefits for Americans ?

Why Are Americans Renouncing US Citizenship and Buying a Caribbean Citizenship?

The Caribbean Citizenship programs have become an increasingly compelling choice for Americans renouncing US Citizenship. Whether Antigua & Barbuda, Grenada, Dominica, St. Kitts and Nevis, or St. Lucia, they all provide a direct route to second citizenship, along with the ability to own real estate property or invest in diverse business opportunities. The minimum investment threshold ($200,000) is considered an accessible entry compared to other countries.

The high cost of living in the US encourages many Americans renouncing US citizenship and pursuing Caribbean citizenship. Retirees, particularly, prefer relocating to nations that provide budget-friendly medical care, affordable housing, and a reduced general cost of living. With their mesmerizing beaches, tropical weather, and luxurious lifestyle, Caribbean countries are an ideal option for retirees to enjoy their golden years.

High healthcare costs are a major reason that pushes Americans renouncing US Citizenship and to seek better and more affordable options in the Caribbean.

A Caribbean passport also simplifies the process of opening an account with European banks, cutting through bureaucratic red tape. This streamlined banking access not only facilitates depositing funds but also enables investors to secure loans and conduct currency transactions with greater ease. For instance, banks in St. Kitts and Nevis provide highly secure accounts for individuals, businesses, and corporations, as the government protects all those who participate in legitimate business transactions. The economic stability in the Caribbean countries helps bank accounts remain protected and stable.

Moreover, Caribbean countries are considered tax havens as they provide low tax rates for individuals and businesses. Residents often pay no taxes on global income, dividends, royalties, and interest. Companies registered in tax havens also benefit from low corporate tax.

The Caribbean’s abundant natural resources and diversified economic sectors, including tourism, agriculture, manufacturing, renewable energy, and financial services, offer dynamic opportunities for growth.

Thanks to its location near major markets in North America and Europe, the region offers excellent connectivity and accessibility, providing businesses with a convenient gateway to international trade, efficient shipping routes, and access to global transportation networks.

Frequently Asked Questions About Americans Renouncing US Citizenship

Why are Americans renouncing US citizenship in 2026?

Americans are considering renouncing US citizenship for several reasons, including securing a Plan B, political and social concerns, the high cost of living, retirement planning, tax considerations, portfolio diversification, inflation protection, and greater global mobility. Some are also seeking opportunities to live, invest, or retire abroad.

How many Americans are renouncing US citizenship in 2026?

In the second quarter of 2026, 3,242 US expatriates were recorded, the highest level since the pandemic in 2020. The number of US expatriates has also increased significantly in recent years, rising from 2,426 in 2021 to 4,892 in 2025.

Why are Americans moving to Europe?

Americans are increasingly considering European countries for their lifestyle, investment opportunities, competitive cost of living, healthcare, business opportunities, and access to the Schengen Area. Portugal, Greece, and Italy are among the European destinations attracting interest from American investors, families, and retirees.

Which European countries are popular with Americans seeking residency?

Portugal, Greece, and Italy are among the European countries attracting Americans seeking residency. Portugal offers opportunities in sectors such as technology, tourism, and food; Italy has a large and diversified economy; and Greece appeals particularly to investors interested in real estate and a Mediterranean lifestyle.

Can Americans get European citizenship through residency?

Yes. The article highlights potential pathways to citizenship through residency in Greece, Portugal, and Italy. Greece offers a path after 7 years of actual residence, subject to additional requirements. Portugal requires 10 years of legal residency, while Italy allows applicants to apply for citizenship after 10 years of actual residence.

Why are Americans choosing Portugal for a Plan B?

Portugal attracts Americans because of its business opportunities, lower cost of living, safety, affordable healthcare, and pathway to citizenship. Portugal’s Golden Visa also has minimal physical-presence requirements, making it attractive to investors who do not want to relocate full time.

Why are Americans interested in Caribbean citizenship?

Caribbean Citizenship by Investment programs provide a direct route to second citizenship and opportunities to invest in real estate or other qualifying options. Americans may also be attracted by the region’s lower cost of living, tropical lifestyle, international connectivity, banking opportunities, and tax environment.

How much does Caribbean citizenship by investment cost?

According to the article, Caribbean Citizenship by Investment programs have a minimum investment threshold starting from $200,000. Programs are available in Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, and St. Lucia.

Is the high cost of living causing Americans to consider living abroad?

Yes. Higher housing costs, everyday expenses, and healthcare costs are among the factors encouraging some Americans, particularly retirees, to consider countries where their income may stretch further while offering a slower pace of life and greater work-life balance.

What alternatives are Americans considering before renouncing US citizenship?

Americans looking for greater international flexibility are considering options such as second citizenship in the Caribbean and European residency programs. These alternatives can provide additional residency or citizenship options, greater global mobility, investment diversification, and a long-term Plan B.

For more information about Caribbean Citizenship and European Residency programs, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/8bf0b62ec6bcb886d97295ad930059e9-0050012025/original/GEP-June-2025.pdf

https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2025/supplement25.pdf

If the investor’s priority is to include dependent adults up to 24 years old, Portugal is the strongest among the three programs, giving it a clear advantage for families with older children seeking residency. If his priority is securing high-quality education and future career opportunities for his children, Portugal offers the advantage of living, working, and studying in the country, while Italy offers world-class higher education, with several of its universities ranked among the top 100 globally. Greece, on the other hand, provides children with educational opportunities that can help prepare them for global career opportunities.

For families seeking a quick path to citizenship, Greece generally requires 7 years of actual residence for naturalization, in addition to integration requirements. Portugal allows applicants to obtain citizenship after 10 years of legal residence with minimal residency requirements, along with other conditions such as cultural and civic knowledge and passing a language test.

Therefore, there is no program better than the other for families, as the right choice depends on their priorities, financial and personal objectives.

Best Golden Visa Programs for Families in 2026 : A Comprehensive Guide

Best Golden Visa Programs for Families: Family Inclusion

Including family members in the main application is considered one of the greatest advantages of the Golden Visa program. Portugal, Italy, and Greece allow investors to include their family members in the same application, rather than applying separately, provided that their children meet the eligibility requirements of the program.

This process is more cost-effective than submitting separate applications in the future, as the family can leverage the single investment structure. Instead of paying the full investment amount for each applicant, families can include children at a relatively low additional cost. A single application also streamlines the journey through one coordinated application and due diligence procedure, reducing the complexity of administrative procedures.

Portugal, Greece, and Italy Golden Visa programs are all family-oriented, but the eligibility rules and family inclusion conditions differ. Below is a detailed table stating the differences between the three programs:

Best Golden Visa for Families With Children

All three programs are suitable for families with children. Portugal is the best golden visa for families who intend to relocate and benefit from the country’s education system, giving it an advantage for families with university-age children. Italy is the best golden Visa for families focused on higher education, with several internationally recognized universities, while Greece offers educational opportunities that help prepare children for the global career market.

All three countries are extremely safe and secure to raise children. They have a well-recognized reputation as peaceful and secure destinations with low crime rates, minimal gun violence, and strong communities. According to the Global Peace Index, Portugal was ranked 7th, Italy 33rd, and Greece 45th.

Moreover, the three countries are renowned for their high quality of life, offering a slower, fulfilling lifestyle free from excessive stress and pressure. They are also known for their breathtaking natural beauty, rich culture and history, and warm climate with average annual temperatures ranging between 12 and 18 degrees Celsius. Portugal, Greece, and Italy are also recognized for their developed digital infrastructure and technology readiness. Together, these factors create a supportive environment for raising children who can thrive and build a fulfilling future.

Best Golden Visa for Families to Include Parents

All three Golden Visa programs allow investors to include their parents, although the eligibility requirements differ slightly. Portugal allows investors to include dependent parents or grandparents of either spouse, once they demonstrate financial dependency.

On the other hand, Greece offers broader flexibility, allowing both parents and parents-in-law of the main applicant and spouse to be included without any age restrictions.

Italy Golden Visa allows parents to be included depending on their family circumstances. Parents of any age may qualify if they don’t have other children in their home country, while parents aged 65 or older are eligible where their other children are unable to support them for documented health reasons.

Best Golden Visa Programs for Families: Cost Comparison

Portugal, Greece, and Italy offer investment options starting at €250,000 depending on the investment category. The key difference is the additional application costs.

It is worth noting that additional fees might apply on your citizenship by investment application once your children become older. For instance, due diligence fees are not applied for children below 16 years, and in some cases for children below 12, but they become required once passing these ages.

Best Golden Visa for Families: Education Opportunities

While Italy leads in higher education, Portugal offers a well-organized and inclusive education system. Greece, as well, is home to a wide network of higher education institutions that maintain academic standards and provide top-notch instruction.

If the investor is looking for the best Golden Visa program for families to raise his young children, Portugal has the edge when it comes to quality, accessibility, and overall range of education services. It offers high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education with diverse options, from international schools to renowned universities, making it family-friendly for foreigners.

If the investor needs to relocate to allow his children to pursue higher education studies, Italy would be a better choice. The country is home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Top Italian universities include Politecnico di Milano, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Bologna, and University of Padua.

Greece is also a good option for children to study and attend universities, as it is home to several universities and technical colleges that provide a wide variety of programs across various subjects. Graduates frequently make important contributions to their fields of study and are well-prepared for their chosen jobs. Greece’s dedication to high standards in higher education ensures that its universities will always be respected at the national and international levels.

Below a table showing the top university in each country and its ranking:

Language also plays an essential role in how quickly foreigners adapt to life in Europe. According to the EF English Proficiency Index:

Best Golden Visa for Families: Healthcare Access

One of the key considerations when relocating to a new country is the ability to access high-quality healthcare services easily. Portugal would be the best Golden Visa program for families looking for healthcare access and high-quality health services, followed by Italy and Greece.

Here is a table showing the ranking of the three countries in terms of healthcare services:

Portugal boasts a hybrid healthcare system that combines high-quality public and private services. Private healthcare in Portugal is notably affordable, especially when compared to other Western European nations, making it an attractive option for residents and expatriates alike.

On the other hand, Italy operates a healthcare system that delivers equal medical care services to all citizens regardless of their financial situation. Recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the best healthcare systems globally, providing excellent medical care and full insurance benefits to its citizens and foreign residents.

Investors holding the Greek Golden Visa can take advantage of an accessible, well-developed healthcare system, with free public services funded by the social insurance institute. However, private hospitals offer faster service while remaining affordable compared to paid facilities in other EU countries.

Best Golden Visa for Families: Residency Requirements 

In terms of residency requirements, Italy and Greece have an advantage over Portugal because they don’t impose any residency requirements, while Portugal requires at least 7 days of residency annually. However, to maintain residency, all three programs mandate maintaining the eligible investment while holding the Golden Visa. Therefore, the best Golden Visa program for families depends on their objectives and whether they need the residency as a plan B or want to relocate.

Read Also: European Residency Returns in 2026: What Investors Should Know

Best Golden Visa for Families: EU Citizenship

For investors seeking a quick path to citizenship, Greece is generally the best Golden Visa program for families because it requires only 7 years of actual residence for naturalization, along with additional integration requirements. However, if the investors want to apply for citizenship without relocating to the host country, Portugal is the ideal option. The country allows Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship after 10 years, with minimal residency requirements that do not exceed 7 days per year. Italy, on the other hand, requires 10 years of actual residence.

It is worth noting that to obtain citizenship, all three programs impose several conditions beyond the residence period. Portugal requires passing a language test (A2 level), along with cultural and civic knowledge, and security and criminal record conditions. Italy also mandates passing a language test (B1 level) along with other conditions such as sufficient income and the absence of criminal convictions. Greece also requires passing a Greek language exam (A2 level), providing evidence of integration such as participation in Greek cultural or social activities, and demonstrating that they have enough income or financial resources to support themselves and their families.

Best Golden Visa for Families: Portugal vs. Greece vs. Italy

Choosing the best Golden Visa program for familied depend on their preferences, objectives, and needs. Below is a comparison table showing the most suitable country for each objective:

How to Choose the Best Golden Visa for Families

The best Golden Visa program for families is the one that matches their priorities, preferences, objectives, and long-term citizenship objective, as well as the children’s age and long-term plans. Whether Italy, Portugal, or Greece, all three can pave your children’s path and give them the best possible start in life. From access to world-class education and international careers to building a global and professional network early, greater mobility, and long-term security, the three programs provide opportunities that last a lifetime.

Frequently Asked Questions about the Best Golden Visa for Families

• Which is the best Golden Visa program for families: Portugal, Italy, or Greece?

There isn’t one program that suits all investors. The best Golden Visa for families depends on the applicants’ priorities, preferences, needs, and objectives, as well as the children’s age and long-term plans. Portugal is suitable for families planning to relocate to live, work, and study. Greece is a better fit for families looking for flexible residency requirements. Italy is the right choice for families interested in pursuing higher education in world-class universities.

• Which Golden Visa program allows the most family members to be included?

All three programs allow a spouse, dependent children, and parents to be included in one single application. However, Portugal allows including children up to the age of 24, Greece up to 21, and Italy up to 18 years.

• Can parents and grandparents be included in a Golden Visa?

Parents can be included in one application under all three programs, but the eligibility rules differ. Greece, for instance, allows including parents of both the main applicant and the spouse. Portugal allows dependent parents who have no other children in their home country.

• Which Golden Visa is best for families with children?

All three countries are suitable for families with children; however, Portugal is attractive for families with older dependent children. While Italy’s rules are more restrictive for adult children, as they are qualified only when their health conditions prevent them from meeting their essential needs. Greece covers dependent children under 21 years.

• What is the cheapest Golden Visa for families in Portugal, Greece, and Italy?

The answer depends on the investment route and family size, as the application and due diligence fees differ from one program to another. The minimum investment threshold starts at €250,000 in the three programs, but the administrative, application, and due diligence fees differ.

• Which Golden Visa requires the least residency in the country?

Greece and Italy are more flexible options than Portugal, as they don’t impose a minimum stay requirement, provided that the investment is maintained.

• Can children attend schools and universities with a Golden Visa?

Yes, all three programs allow children to live and study in the host country. However, families should compare tuition fees, language instruction, and international school availability before choosing the program.

• Which country offers the best route for citizenship?

Greece currently offers the shorter path to citizenship among the three, although the Golden Visa does not grant citizenship automatically and requires 7 years of actual residence along with a language test, proof of income, and a clean criminal record. Portugal is also attractive for investors looking to gain citizenship, as it is provided after 10 years with minimal residency requirements that do not exceed 7 days annually.

• What is the best Golden Visa program that a family can choose?

The best Golden Visa for families depends on their priorities, needs, and long-term objectives. The best program is the one that aligns the investment strategy with the family’s intended lifestyle, children’s age, physical presence ability, and their educational ambitions.

For more information about European Residency programs and the Best Golden Visa for families, please contact us via WhatsApp.

The comparison between the two programs becomes more essential when considering the investment timing. Italy enables investors to receive approval for the Investor Visa before making the qualifying investment, while in Greece, investors need to complete the qualifying investment beforehand to obtain the Golden Visa.

Beyond investment, both programs offer a high-standard lifestyle, family inclusion, and access to the Schengen area. They also offer a path to citizenship; however, Greece requires 7 years of actual residence for naturalization, in addition to integration requirements, while Italy requires 10 years of actual residence, along with cultural and civic knowledge and a language test.

Therefore, which program provides the better combination of opportunities, residency benefits, and investment flexibility in 2026? The answer depends on the investor’s financial and personal objectives, and plans for relocating or doing business in Europe.

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa: Disparities in a Nutshell

Below is a detailed comparison between Italy vs Greece Golden Visa:

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program is Cheaper?

Both programs start with a minimum investment route of €250,000, with some similar investment options, as they both allow investors to invest in a local startup and get exposure to the European market.

If the investor’s priority is owning a real estate property in a European country, with a value that appreciates over time, Greece is the best option. According to data provided by the Bank of Greece, the index of prices in urban areas increased by 5.7% in Q1 2026. Price growth remained supported by continued international demand and limited housing availability. Broken down by region, the annual rate of change in apartment prices was 5.2% in Athens, 6.4% in Thessaloniki, 5.4% in other cities and 6.9% in other areas of Greece. Broken down by age of property, the annual rate of change in prices of new apartments was 6.0% and of old apartments 5.5%. The average gross rental yield in Greece stands at 4.38% in Q2 2026, compared to 4.4% in Q4 2025.

For investors who are prioritizing business exposure and looking to grow in the market and gain long-term returns, both are good choices. The average annual return on investment from an Italian company ranges from 3% to 4%. Greece had the fastest-growing startup ecosystem in Europe last year, according to a report by innovation platform Found.ation. In  2025, more than €732 million was invested through 95 deals in more than 90 Greek startups, representing a 35% increase over 2024. Around 18 venture capital funds and ten additional investment platforms are actively engaged in the Greek startup scene, which last year attracted 143 unique investors from around the world.

If investors want to limit their investment risk and invest in an established business structure rather than a startup, while gaining exposure to the European market, both programs allow investors to invest at least €500,000 in an Italian limited company or a Greek-based company. For Italian non-financial companies listed on the EXM market, Return on Equity (ROE) rose to 10.9% in 2024, and Return on Assets (ROA) reached 2.6%, highlighting greater efficiency in the use of invested capital. Greek listed companies achieved record profitability in 2025, according to the Athens Stock Exchange, with banking sector earnings projected at €5.2 billion.

For investors interested in government bonds, Greece offers a lower investment threshold (€500,000) compared to Italy (€2,000,000 ).

Read also: Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Is Better for Investors?

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Offers More Investment Flexibility?

Greece Golden Visa program offers greater flexibility and diversified investment options, including real estate acquisition across the country, corporate bonds, government funds, investment funds that invest in Greek equities, and business investment. On the other hand, Italy offers four strategic investment categories, excluding real estate ownership.

Therefore, the best program depends on the investor’s objectives and risk appetite. Greece is a stronger option for investors seeking real estate ownership, while Italy can be attractive for those who prefer strategic investment options.

What gives Italy’s program an advantage is that the qualifying investment can be made after the Investor Visa has been approved, whereas Greece requires the qualifying investment to be completed before submitting the Golden Visa application. This reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.

Investment options for Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa:

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program is Better for Families?

Both programs allow investors to include family members, such as a spouse, dependent children, and parents, in a single application. However, Greece allows dependent children up to age 21, while Italy allows them up to age 18. But investors looking to relocate with their family members to Europe should consider various factors, including education and healthcare services, safety, and quality of life.

• Which Program is Better in Terms of Education?

Both countries provide well-organized, inclusive, and high-quality learning opportunities, but Italy leads in higher education. It provides world-class public education that is free, though private schools charge fees. Many schools offer courses in English, especially for expat families. The country is also home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Top Italian universities include Politecnico di Milano, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Bologna, and University of Padua.

Greece also offers a wide network of higher education institutions that maintain academic standards and provide top-notch instruction. Academic institutions, such as universities and technical colleges, provide a wide variety of programs across various subjects. Graduates frequently make important contributions to their fields of study and are well-prepared for their chosen jobs. Greece’s dedication to high standards in higher education ensures that its universities will always be respected at the national and international levels.

• Which Country Provides Better Healthcare Services?

Italy is better for investors looking to benefit from these services. It was ranked 46th in the 2026 Health Care Index^[6], while Greece ranked 67th.

The Italian government operates a healthcare system that delivers equal medical care services to all citizens regardless of their financial situation. Recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the best healthcare systems globally, providing excellent medical care and full insurance benefits to its citizens and foreign residents. Italy’s healthcare system operates under the Beveridge model, which collects its funding through taxation. People who reside in Italy and pay taxes as income earners receive free access to public healthcare services.

Investors holding the Greek Golden Visa can take advantage of an accessible, well-developed healthcare system where free public services are funded by the social insurance institute. However, private hospitals provide faster services while still being affordable compared to paid facilities in other EU countries.

• Which Country is Safer?

According to the Global Peace Index^, Italy was ranked 33rd, and Greece 45th. In Italy, violent crime rates are low, and communities are strong. Greece is also an extremely safe country with one of the lowest crime rates in Europe, and violent crimes are quite rare. According to Numbeo, Greece is safer than France, Sweden, Moldova, and Belarus.

• Which Country Provides a Higher Quality of Life?

Both Greece and Italy are celebrated for their stunning natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and history. Italy’s warm climate and stunning scenery on the Mediterranean are among the main reasons why people prefer to live there. Italy has a long history of regional hospitality and strong family values, which helped boost openness to visitors and newcomers and made it easy for many foreigners to feel integrated.

Greece is renowned for its picturesque islands, crystal-clear waters, and magnificent landscapes. From the iconic Santorini sunsets to the pristine beaches of Crete, the country offers a paradise-like environment that can enhance your quality of life. Here is a detailed comparison between the two countries:

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Offers the Best Path to Citizenship?

Greece offers the fastest route to citizenship, as Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after seven years of actual residence in the country. Italy generally requires 10 years of residence.

Greece requires applicants to pass a Greek language exam, provide evidence of integration, such as participation in Greek cultural or social activities, and demonstrate that they have enough income or financial resources to support themselves and their families. While Italy requires other conditions, such as sufficient income and the absence of criminal convictions.

It is worth noting that the investor must maintain the qualifying investment as long as they are relying on that investment to maintain their residence status. Once they obtain citizenship, they are no longer obliged to maintain the investment.

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Requires Less Processing Time?

For investors seeking a fast and streamlined residency option, both programs are considered suitable routes. Greece has a clear administrative process for Golden Visa applicants. The estimated time required for Golden Visa procedures is between 50 and 60 days. Italy is also considered one of the fastest among the countries providing a Golden Visa, as it takes up to 4 months to obtain it with a clear formal sequence.

It is worth noting that investors should make the qualifying investment in Italy after gaining approval for the Golden Visa, while they are required to complete the qualifying investment in Greece before submitting the application.

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Tax Benefits

If you are asking what are the tax benefits for Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa, here is your answer.

Both Italy and Greece impose taxes on tax residents only, not on all investors holding the Golden Visa. Individuals are deemed to be tax residents if they spend more than 183 consecutive days during one year in Greece or Italy.

They both also offer a lump-sum tax regime; however, the system applied by Greece is more attractive. In Greece, Qualified individuals are subject to an annual lump-sum tax of €100,000, in addition to €20,000 for a spouse and each child or parent. Any additional family member who wants to benefit from the lump-sum tax regime, such as children, can be added later through a supplementary application, provided that it is submitted within the 15-year duration of the principal application.

To benefit from this tax regime, investors are required to invest a minimum of €500,000 in Greek assets, including real estate.

In parallel, Italy offers a vital tax advantage for investors and high-net-worth individuals with substantial foreign-source income because of its lump-sum regime. This system replaces ordinary Italian taxation on eligible foreign-source income with a fixed tax of €300,000 regardless of the amount of that foreign income. This makes Italy attractive for investors whose international income is sufficiently high.

Below is a comparison table for the taxes imposed in Greece and Italy:

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Passport is Stronger?

Whether obtaining a Golden Visa from Italy or Greece, both countries allow investors to enter the Schengen zone without a visa. But to benefit from the country’s strong passport, investors are required to obtain citizenship. Below is a comparison of passport rankings:

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Should You Choose?

Wondering whether the Italy vs Greece Golden Visa is more suitable for you? The answer depends on the investor’s main goals and ambitions rather than the country with the lowest investment threshold. Greece offers a competitive advantage for investors seeking real estate ownership and an attractive tax environment. It also offers a low investment threshold by investing in a local startup. Italy stands out for investors seeking a low investment threshold with business exposure, along with the flexibility of making the qualifying investment after receiving visa approval.

Moreover, if the investor’s priority is a fast path to citizenship, Greece is an Ideal option. Eventually, the best suitable route is the one that matches the investor’s investment strategy and preferences, tax advantages, and long-term citizenship objective.

Frequently Asked Questions:

• Is Greece cheaper than Italy for a Golden Visa in 2026?

The minimum investment threshold for both programs starts at €250,000. However, investing this value in Greece will enable the investor to own a property whose value appreciates over time. Italy’s €250,000 option is an investment in an innovative startup, which gives the investor exposure to the Italian market, along with a high potential for financial returns.

• Is real estate a qualified investment in both countries?

No, real estate acquisition is only eligible in Greece, as it isn’t a qualifying investment under Italy’s Golden Visa framework.

• Do I have to live in Italy and Greece to keep the Golden Visa?

Neither country imposes a minimum physical presence requirement for maintaining the Golden Visa. However, they have to maintain the qualifying investment to keep the residency status.

• Can family members be included in the same application?

Yes, both programs allow applicants to include their spouse, dependent children, and parents in a single application. However, Greece allows including children up to 21 years old, and Italy allows children up to 18 years.

• Does the Golden Visa allow its holders to apply for citizenship?

Yes. Both programs allow Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship. Italy Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after 10 years of actual residence, while Greece Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence.

• Does acquiring a Golden Visa automatically make me a tax resident?

No. A Golden Visa holder becomes a tax resident after spending 183 consecutive days during one year in the host country.

• Does the Golden Visa give me the right to live, work, and study in Italy and Greece?

Italy’s Golden Visa allows the holder to reside, study, and work in Italy, while the Greece Golden Visa does not grant access to the Greek labor market.

• How much time is required to obtain a Golden Visa?

While the Italy Golden Visa requires 4 months to be obtained, the Greece Golden Visa can be obtained within 3 months.

• Which Program is Better: Greece or Italy?

Italy Vs Greece Golden Visa, which one you should go with? The right choice depends ultimately on the investor’s financial objectives, plans, and tax position. Greece is better for investors looking for real estate ownership with a value that appreciates over time, along with a fast path to citizenship, while Italy is suitable for investors seeking lower investment thresholds and, at the same time, growing in the European market by investing in promising innovative startups.

For more information about the Italy vs Greece Golden Visa, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/news-and-media/press-office/news-list/news?announcement=a096eb19-23d0-44e4-9445-10ef088053fb

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/

The figures were published in the São Tomé and Príncipe Citizenship by Investment First Year Report, released on September 1, 2026, providing the most comprehensive official picture of the Program’s performance since its launch in September 2025.

The report also shows that applicants came from 72 nationalities, highlighting the Program’s growing international reach during its inaugural year.

Latest São Tomé Citizenship Updates : 548 Applications Submitted

One of the biggest São Tomé citizenship updates from the report is the scale of applications received during the Program’s first 12 months.

According to the official statistics:

• 548 applications were submitted
• 350 applications were approved
• 186 applications remained in process
• 12 applications were rejected
• 117 citizenships were granted
• 29 passports were issued

The Program reported a fastest approval time of 26 days, while its average time from application submission to approval was approximately two months. The reported average time from application to passport was four months.

These figures provide the first full-year benchmark for the São Tomé Citizenship by Investment Program since formal operations began.

The Citizenship by Investment Unit also acknowledged that the issuance of citizenship documents had not progressed at the same speed as application approvals. According to the report, the Unit is working with national authorities to streamline post-approval procedures, improve coordination and expand operational capacity.

São Tomé Citizenship Updates: More Than USD 9.8 Million in the First Year

Another significant development among the latest São Tomé citizenship updates is the Program’s contribution to national development.

Of the 350 approved applications recorded during the reporting period, approximately 50% had completed their qualifying contribution payments, generating more than USD 9.8 million for the National Transformation Fund.

The National Transformation Fund channels contributions generated through the Citizenship by Investment Program into infrastructure and public-sector projects aligned with São Tomé and Príncipe’s long-term development objectives.

During the first year, CBI funds supported projects in two notable areas: energy infrastructure and government digitalization.

The report states that investments funded the installation of new power generators designed to increase national electricity capacity. Funding was also directed toward upgrading IT equipment across government ministries and other public institutions.

Further investment is planned across electricity generation, renewable energy, water quality and supply, wastewater infrastructure, waste management and the digitalization of public services.

São Tomé Citizenship Updates: Applicants From 72 Nationalities

The latest São Tomé citizenship updates also reveal significant geographic diversity among applicants.

During its first year, the Program received applications from individuals across Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the Americas, representing a total of 72 nationalities.

China was the largest source market, with 159 applications, representing 29.01% of the total.

Russia followed with 122 applications, while Iran accounted for 50 and Germany for 28. The Program also recorded 10 applications from stateless applicants, while 179 applications came from other nationalities.

China and Russia alone therefore accounted for more than half of all applications submitted during the Program’s first year.

Families Represent More Than Half of Applications

The report also gives a clearer picture of who is applying for São Tomé and Príncipe citizenship by investment.

Families of two to four accounted for 47% of all applications, representing 256 applications.

Single applicants represented another 43%, with 234 applications, while families of five to eight accounted for the remaining 10%.

This means 57% of applications involved families of two or more people, indicating that family applications have played a major role in the Program’s first-year demand.

Families of three and four alone represented a combined 35% of all applications.

Key Milestones During the Program’s First Year

The São Tomé and Príncipe Citizenship by Investment Program officially launched in September 2025, with the first applications received during the same month.

Several milestones followed during its first year.

In January 2026, a legislative amendment enabled the remote issuance of National Identity Cards and passports, making it possible for international applicants and their families to complete this part of the process remotely.

The Program also issued its first passport in January 2026.

In April 2026, São Tomé and Príncipe strengthened its presence in the UAE with the establishment of its embassy in Abu Dhabi.

By August 2026, the Citizenship by Investment Unit had received its 500th application.

What Do the Latest São Tomé Citizenship Updates Mean?

The first-year numbers show that the São Tomé and Príncipe Citizenship by Investment Program has moved from its launch phase into an established operational stage.

In only its first year, the Program received 548 applications from 72 nationalities, approved 350 applications and generated more than USD 9.8 million for the country’s National Transformation Fund.

At the same time, the report identifies areas that remain under development, particularly the post-approval and citizenship-document issuance process.

As the Program enters its second year, the Citizenship by Investment Unit says its priorities include strengthening operational processes, maintaining high compliance and due diligence standards and continuing to grow the Program responsibly.

These developments make São Tomé citizenship updates an area to watch as the Program enters its second full year of operations and further CBI-funded infrastructure projects move forward.

Frequently Asked Questions About São Tomé Citizenship Updates

What are the latest São Tomé citizenship updates?

The latest official first-year report shows that the São Tomé and Príncipe Citizenship by Investment Program received 548 applications, approved 350 applications and attracted applicants from 72 nationalities. More than USD 9.8 million was generated for the National Transformation Fund.

How many São Tomé citizenship applications were submitted?

The Citizenship by Investment Program received 548 applications during its first year. Of these, 350 were approved, 186 remained in process and 12 were rejected.

How many São Tomé citizenships have been granted?

According to the first-year report, 117 citizenships had been granted and 29 passports issued during the reporting period.

How fast is São Tomé citizenship by investment approval?

The Program reported an average approval time of approximately two months, with the fastest recorded approval taking 26 days. The average timeline from application to passport was reported as four months.

How much has the São Tomé CBI Program generated?

The Program generated more than USD 9.8 million for the National Transformation Fund from qualifying contribution payments completed during its first year.

Which nationalities apply most for São Tomé citizenship?

China ranked first with 159 applications, followed by Russia with 122, Iran with 50 and Germany with 28. Applicants represented 72 nationalities in total.

Where does São Tomé CBI investment go?

Contributions are directed to the National Transformation Fund. The first-year report states that funding has already supported electricity-generation capacity and government IT infrastructure, with additional projects planned in water, wastewater, waste management, energy and public-service digitalization.

When did the São Tomé Citizenship by Investment Program launch?

The Program officially launched in September 2025 and began receiving applications that same month.

For investors whose priority in 2026 is real estate ownership, low physical presence requirements, and attractive tax benefits, the Greece Golden Visa is generally the stronger choice, while those who prefer investing in funds, companies, research activities, and the right to live and work are better suited to Portugal.

For those seeking a quick path to citizenship, Greece generally requires 7 years of actual residence for naturalization, plus additional integration requirements, while Portugal requires 10 years of legal residence, plus cultural and civic knowledge and passing a language test.

Therefore, there is no program better than the other, as the right choice depends on the investor’s financial and personal objectives, as well as his priorities.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Variances At A Glance

Below is a detailed comparison for Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program is Cheaper?

The minimum investment threshold for Portugal and Greece Golden Visa starts at €250,000; however, the types of investment differ. If the investor is looking for real estate ownership, with a value that appreciates over time, Greece is the best option. According to data provided by the Bank of Greece, apartment prices in nominal terms are estimated to have surged, on average, by 7.6% year-on-year in Q4 of 2025. Gross rental yields reach up to 10—11% per annum in selected regional cities.

If the investor just needs European residency, he can obtain Portugal’s Golden Visa by donating €250,000 for artistic production or the preservation of national cultural heritage. In this case, the capital may function as a cultural contribution rather than an investment designed for capital appreciation.

If the investors want to benefit from a diversified investment portfolio, Portugal offers a €500,000 qualifying investment fund route, which allows them to obtain high potential financial returns ranging between 7 and 20%, depending on the fund and the type of business.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Offers More Investment Flexibility?

Portugal Golden Visa offers a diversified investment portfolio, including private equity and venture capital funds, company creation, and research activities. Greece also offers investment options beyond real estate, including mutual funds and bank deposits. However, investors prefer the real estate option.

On the contrary, Greece is a stronger option for investors seeking real estate ownership, because Portugal has removed real estate ownership from its investment options, and even any fund has direct investment in real estate projects.

For investors who view the Golden Visa as an immigration component of an investment portfolio, rather than as a property purchase, Portugal may be a better natural fit.

Investment options provided by each country:

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program is More Suitable for Families?

If you are comparing Portugal vs Greece Golden Visa for your family, here are the details. Both programs are family-friendly. Portugal’s program allows applicants to include their spouse, dependent children up to 24 years old, and parents, while Greece allows applicants to include their spouse, dependent children up to 21 years old, and parents in a single application and benefit from one qualifying investment. However, for investors looking to relocate with their family to the host country, they have to consider several factors, mainly education and healthcare services, safety, and quality of life.

• Which Program is Better in Terms of Education?

Portugal has the edge when it comes to quality, accessibility, and overall range of education services.

Portugal’s education system is well-organized and inclusive^[3], offering high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education. The country offers diverse options, from international schools to renowned universities, making the country family-friendly for Americans. Well-known institutions include the University of Lisbon, which is known for research in science, technology, and the humanities, and the University of Porto, ranked among the top universities in Portugal and recognized for its excellence in engineering, business, and health sciences.

In Greece, a wide network of higher education institutions that maintain academic standards and provide top-notch instruction can be found. Academic institutions, such as universities and technical colleges, provide a wide variety of programs across various subjects. Graduates frequently make important contributions to their fields of study and are well-prepared for their chosen jobs. Greece’s dedication to high standards in higher education ensures that its universities will always be respected at the national and international levels.

• Which Country Provides Better Healthcare Services?

Portugal is better for investors looking to benefit from these services. It was ranked 24th in the 2026 Health Care Index^[4], while Greece ranked 67th.

Portugal boasts a hybrid healthcare system that combines high-quality public and private services. Private healthcare in Portugal is notably affordable, especially when compared to other Western European nations.

Investors holding the Greek Golden Visa can take advantage of an accessible, well-developed healthcare system where free public services are funded by the social insurance institute. However, private hospitals provide faster services while still being affordable compared to paid facilities in other EU countries.

• Which Country is Safer?

According to the Global Peace Index^[5], Portugal was ranked 7th, and Greece 45th. Portugal’s reputation as a secure and peaceful destination stems from its low crime rates, minimal gun violence, and strict firearm regulations. Greece is also an extremely safe country with one of the lowest crime rates in Europe, and violent crimes are quite rare. According to Numbeo, Greece is safer than France^[6], Sweden, Moldova, and Belarus.

• Which Country Provides a Higher Quality of Life?

Both Portugal and Greece are renowned for breathtaking natural beauty, mesmerizing beaches, rich culture, and history. Portugal is renowned for its relaxed pace of life, friendly locals, and emphasis on work-life balance, with a legal maximum of eight working hours per day. Coastal cities like Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve are particularly popular for their high quality of life, offering a slower, fulfilling lifestyle free from excessive stress and pressure.

Greece is renowned for its stunning natural beauty, with its picturesque islands, crystal-clear waters, and magnificent landscapes. From the iconic Santorini sunsets to the pristine beaches of Crete, the country offers a paradise-like environment that can enhance your quality of life. Here is a detailed comparison between the two countries:

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Offers the Best Path to Citizenship

Greece offers the fastest route to citizenship, as Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after seven years of actual residence in the country. Portugal’s new rules allow Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship after 10 years, but without any need to relocate to Portugal. However, applicants are required to visit the country 7 days annually.

However, to obtain citizenship, Portugal imposes several conditions beyond the residence period, including a language test, cultural and civic knowledge, and security and criminal record conditions. Greece also requires passing a Greek language exam, providing evidence of integration such as participation in Greek cultural or social activities, and demonstrating that they have enough income or financial resources to support themselves and their families.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Program Requires Less Processing Time?

An investor seeking a faster and more streamlined residency option may find Greece to be a more suitable route. Greece has a clear administrative process for Golden Visa applicants. The estimated time required for Golden Visa procedures is between 50 and 60 days.

On the contrary, Portugal’s Golden Visa application process is managed through AIMA’s ARI portal and requires applicants to complete document submission and biometric procedures. The estimated time required to obtain the visa is between 18 and 24 months.

Read Also: Golden Visa or Second Citizenship : Which Route is Best in 2026?

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Tax Benefits

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa for taxes: Greece has been offering a lump-sum tax regime for individuals moving their tax residence into the country since 2019. Qualified individuals are subject to an annual lump-sum tax of €100,000, in addition to €20,000 for a spouse and each child or parent. Any additional family member who wants to benefit from the lump-sum tax regime, such as children, can be added later through a supplementary application, provided that it is submitted within the 15-year duration of the principal application.

To benefit from this tax regime, investors are required to invest a minimum of €500,000 in Greek assets, including real estate.

This makes Greece more attractive from the tax perspective. Below is a comparison table for the taxes imposed in Portugal and Greece:

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Which Passport is Stronger?

Obtaining a residency permit from both countries allows investors to enter the Schengen area without a visa. However, to benefit from the country’s strong passport, investors should obtain citizenship. Below is a comparison of passport rankings:

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026:  Which Program is a Better Fit for You?

If the investor’s priority is real estate ownership, minimal physical presence, and tax advantages, he should choose Greece. But if his priority is to live, work, or study in Portugal while benefiting from a diversified investment portfolio and high returns, he should choose Portugal. Moreover, if the investor’s priority is to obtain citizenship without residency requirements, Portugal is an ideal option.

Ultimately, the strongest Golden Visa is the one that matches the investor’s investment strategy, investment preferences, and long-term citizenship objective.

Portugal Vs Greece Golden Visa 2026: Frequently Asked Questions:

• Is Greece cheaper than Portugal for a Golden Visa in 2026?

The minimum investment threshold for both programs starts at €250,000. However, investing this value in Greece will enable the investor to own a property whose value appreciates over time. While Portugal’s €250,000 option, however, is a donation to an artistic or cultural project.

• Is real estate a qualified investment in both countries?

No, real estate acquisition is only eligible in Greece, as it isn’t a qualifying investment under Portugal’s Golden Visa framework anymore.

• Do I have to live in Portugal and Greece to keep the Golden Visa?

While Greece does not impose a minimum physical presence requirement for maintaining the Golden Visa, Portugal imposes at least 7 days of physical presence during a year.

• Can family members be included in the same application?

Yes, both programs allow applicants to include their spouse, dependent children, and parents in a single application. However, Greece allows including children up to 21 years, and Portugal allows children up to 24 years.

• Does the Golden Visa allow its holders to apply for citizenship?

Yes. Both programs allow Golden Visa holders to apply for citizenship. Portugal Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after 10 years, but without any residency requirements imposed, while Greece Golden Visa holders can apply for citizenship after 7 years of actual residence.

• Does acquiring a Golden Visa automatically make me a tax resident?

No. A Golden Visa holder becomes a tax resident after spending 183 consecutive days during one year in the host country.

• Does the Golden Visa give me the right to live, work, and study in Portugal and Greece?

Portugal’s Golden Visa allows the holder to reside, study, and work in Portugal, while the Greece Golden Visa does not grant access to the Greek labor market.

For more information about the Portugal Golden Visa and the Greece Golden Visa, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://www.clarionledger.com/press-release/story/123661/greeces-regional-property-markets-show-up-to-11-rental-yields-in-2025-passportivity-report-finds/

  https://www.movingto.io/pt/education-system-portugal

https://www.numbeo.com/health-care/rankings_by_country.jsp

https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Global-Peace-Index-2025-web.pdf

https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp?title=2022&region=150

https://tradingeconomics.com/portugal/temperature

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/greece-digital-economy

https://www.pwc.com/gr/en/Tax-Alert-Law-5222_2025_The-investors-tax-residence-regime.pdf

The right investment choice depends on how much investors want to spend in Europe, and whether their priority is residence or business exposure, especially since both countries offer high quality of life, visa-free access to the Schengen area, safety, and eventual citizenship.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: All You Need To Know

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa 2026: At a Glance

Below is a detailed comparison between Portugal Golden Visa and Italy’s Golden Visa:

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa 2026: Which Program is Cheaper?

Both Portugal’s and Italy’s programs start at €250,000, but the nature of the investment varies. For investors who are prioritizing business exposure and looking to grow in the market and gain long-term returns, Italy is a better choice. The average annual return on investment from an Italian company ranges from 3% to 4%.

If they need European residency, they can obtain Portugal’s Golden Visa by donating €250,000 for artistic production or the preservation of national cultural heritage. In this case, the capital may function as a cultural contribution rather than an investment designed for capital appreciation.

For investors who do not want either a cultural contribution or startup exposure, Portugal offers a €500,000 qualifying investment fund route, while Italy offers a €500,000 investment in an Italian limited company.

Investing a minimum of €500,000 in a Portuguese investment fund allows investors to obtain high potential financial returns ranging between 4 and 20%, depending on the fund and the type of business. Investing in these funds is considered safe and secure. For Italian non-financial companies listed on the EXM market, Return on Equity (ROE) rose to 10.9% in 2024, and Return on Assets (ROA) reached 2.6%, highlighting greater efficiency in the use of invested capital.

Portugal Vs Italy golden Visa: Which Program Offers More Investment Flexibility

Portugal’s residency programs offer greater flexibility for investors looking to invest in private equity and venture capital funds, research, or company creation, while Italy offers four strategic investment categories.

Investment options provided by each country:

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa. The best choice depends on the investor’s risk appetite. However, Portugal’s program may be a better fit for investors looking for a wider range of qualifying structures, while Italy can be attractive for those who prefer strategic investment options.

What gives Italy’s program an advantage is that the qualifying investment can be made after the Investor Visa has been approved, whereas Portugal requires the qualifying investment to be completed before submitting the Golden Visa application. This reduces the investor’s upfront financial exposure and gives him more flexibility.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which Program is Better for Families

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa. Both programs allow investors to include family members, such as a spouse, dependent children, and parents, in a single application. However, Portugal allows dependent children up to age 24, while Italy allows them up to age 18. For families, the more essential question is which country is better in terms of education, healthcare, safety, and long-term lifestyle.

• Which Program is a Better Fit for Education?

For education, both countries are home to world-class universities. Portugal’s education system is well-organized and inclusive, offering high-quality learning opportunities from early childhood to higher education. Well-known institutions include the University of Lisbon, which is known for research in science, technology, and the humanities, and the University of Porto, ranked among the top universities in Portugal and recognized for its excellence in engineering, business, and health sciences.

Italy provides world-class public education that is free, though private schools charge fees. Many schools offer courses in English, especially for expat families. The country is also home to some of Europe’s oldest and most respected universities, particularly in engineering, architecture, design, business, and medicine. Top Italian universities include Politecnico di Milano, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Bologna, and University of Padua.

In a nutshell, Italy leads in higher education, with Politecnico di Milano becoming the first Italian university to be among the global top 100. Portugal follows with two well-established universities that are recognized for their research output, international collaborations, and English-taught programs.

• Which Program is Better for Healthcare Services?

Regarding healthcare services, Portugal is better for investors looking to benefit from these services. It was ranked 24th in the 2026 Health Care Index, while Italy ranked 46th.

Portugal boasts a hybrid healthcare system that combines high-quality public and private services. Private healthcare in Portugal is notably affordable, especially when compared to other Western European nations.

The Italian government operates a healthcare system that delivers equal medical care services to all citizens regardless of their financial situation. Recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the best healthcare systems globally, providing excellent medical care and full insurance benefits to its citizens and foreign residents. Italy’s healthcare system operates under the Beveridge model, which collects its funding through taxation. People who reside in Italy and pay taxes as income earners receive free access to public healthcare services.

• Which Country is Safer?

In terms of safety and security, Portugal is considered safer than Italy. According to the Global Peace Index^, it was ranked 7th, while Italy was ranked 33rd. Portugal’s reputation as a secure and peaceful destination stems from its low crime rates, minimal gun violence, and strict firearm regulations. In Italy, violent crime rates are low, and communities are strong.

• Which Country Provides a Higher Quality of Life?

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa: Both countries are renowned for breathtaking natural beauty, rich culture, and history. Portugal is renowned for its relaxed pace of life, friendly locals, and emphasis on work-life balance, with a legal maximum of eight working hours per day. Coastal cities like Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve are particularly popular for their high quality of life, offering a slower, fulfilling lifestyle free from excessive stress and pressure.

Italy’s warm climate and stunning scenery on the Mediterranean are among the main reasons why people prefer to live there. The northern Dolomites meet the southern beaches of Sardinia, Apulia, and Sicily to create Italy’s breathtaking landscape. Italy has a long history of regional hospitality and strong family values, which helped boost openness to visitors and newcomers and made it easy for many foreigners to feel integrated.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which Program Offers the Best Path to Citizenship

Both Italy and Portugal’s Golden Visa programs require a 10-year path to obtain citizenship. Portugal has changed its nationality law in 2026, and under the new rules, the ordinary naturalization residence requirement became 7 years for EU and CPLP nationals and 10 years for nationals from other countries. Italy generally requires 10 years of legal residence. This gives Portugal’s program an advantage over Italy, as it requires only 7 days of residence a year, compared to full relocation for Italy.

However, to obtain citizenship, Portugal imposes several conditions beyond the residence period, including a language test, cultural and civic knowledge, and security and criminal record conditions, while Italy requires other conditions such as sufficient income and the absence of criminal convictions.

It is worth noting that the investor must maintain the qualifying investment as long as they are relying on that investment to maintain their residence status. Once they obtain citizenship, they are no longer obliged to maintain the investment.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which Program Requires Less Processing Time

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa: If the investor is looking for a fast-track program, Italy is a better fit because the processing time for obtaining Italy’s residency permit is considered one of the fastest among the countries providing a Golden Visa. It starts with an online application for a Nulla Osta. While it takes up to 6 months to obtain Italy’s Golden Visa, acquiring Portugal’s Golden Visa may take between 18 and 24 months.

It is worth noting that investors should make the qualifying investment in Italy after gaining approval for the Golden Visa, while they are required to complete the qualifying investment in Portugal before submitting the application.

Italy has a particularly clear formal sequence for the Golden Visa, while Portugal’s Golden Visa application process is managed through AIMA’s ARI portal and requires applicants to complete document submission and biometric procedures. The average wait time at AIMA is a major determinant of the wait time for the Golden Visa application, which is subject to frequent fluctuations. Right now, it takes a little more than a year from the time you make your investment to get your Golden Visa residency card. The process starts by registering the application, uploading documentation, paying the applicable analysis fee, and scheduling an appointment for document submission and biometric collection.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Tax Benefits

Whether in Italy or Portugal, taxes will be imposed on tax residents only, not on all investors holding the Golden Visa. Individuals are deemed to be tax residents if they spend more than 183 consecutive days during one year in Portugal or Italy.

Italy can offer a vital tax advantage for investors and high-net-worth individuals with substantial foreign-source income because its lump-sum regime replaces ordinary Italian taxation on eligible foreign-source income with a fixed tax of €300,000 regardless of the amount of that foreign income.

This makes Italy attractive for investors whose international income is sufficiently high. Below is a comparison table for the taxes imposed in Portugal and Italy:

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which Program Should You Choose?

Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa ? The best program depends on the investor’s main objective rather than the country with the lowest headline investment. If the investor’s priority is obtaining a residency permit that allows them to enter the Schengen countries at any time without minimal physical presence, Italy is the best choice because it doesn’t impose stay requirements. If he wants to choose a minimum investment threshold and, at the same time, establish a promising business in Europe, Italy is considered the best investment route through an innovative startup.

If the investor is looking for high returns from private equity and venture capital funds, Portugal best suits his objectives. If he is looking to establish a successful company and create job opportunities in a promising market, Portugal is also a suitable option.

If the investor prefers not to commit funds before receiving visa approval, Italy may be a more suitable option, because Portugal mandates completing the qualifying investment in one of the eligible routes before applying for the Golden Visa.

Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Frequently Asked Questions:

• Portugal Vs Italy Golden Visa: Which one is cheaper in 2026?

Both programs have a €250,000 qualifying investment route; however, Portugal’s option requires a donation to an artistic or cultural project, while Italy’s €250,000 option is an investment in an Italian innovative startup that has huge potential to grow and prosper.

• Can I buy a real estate property to obtain Portugal or Italy Golden Visa?

Neither Portugal nor Italy qualifies a real estate property purchase for obtaining a residency permit.

• How many days are investors required to spend to obtain Portugal vs Italy Golden Visa?

Investors are required to stay at least 7 days in Portugal annually. While Italy doesn’t impose any stay requirements as long as the qualifying investment is maintained.

• Can the family members be included in the same application?

Yes. Both programs allow investors to include their family members in the same application. Italy enables the spouse, dependent children up to 18 years, and parents, while Portugal allows the spouse, up to 24, and parents to be included. in the same application. However, the two countries may differ in the educational and healthcare services they offer to the family.

• Can the Golden Visa Provide a Path to Citizenship?

Yes. Both programs allow investment to obtain citizenship after 10 years of legal residency. However, additional conditions are required by each specific country, such as passing a language test, demonstrating cultural knowledge, and having a clean criminal record.

• How much time is required to obtain a Golden Visa?

While the Italy can be obtained within 4 months, the Portugal Golden Visa requires at least 18 months to be obtained.

• Which Program is Better: Portugal or Italy?

The right choice depends ultimately on the investor’s financial objectives, plans, and tax position. Portugal is better for investors looking for high investment returns from profitable investment funds and successful companies, while Italy is suitable for investors seeking lower investment thresholds and, at the same time, growing in the European market by investing in promising innovative startups.

For more information about the Portugal Golden Visa and the Italy Golden Visa, please contact us via WhatsApp.

https://www.consob.it/web/area-pubblica/abs-bs/-/asset_publisher/FflGfWyJ5e15/content/bollettino-statistico-n26-emittenti/11973?

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https://tradingeconomics.com/italy/temperature

 https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/portugal-digital-economy

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/italy-digital-economy

https://titanwealthinternational.com/learn/italy-lump-sum-tax/